NBDHE 2022 new review exam complete solution
Veracity - telling the truth and expecting it of others
Autonomy - deals with the Patient, not the practitioner
Beneficence - includes the well-being of individuals and the public
Nonmalefience - deals with the practioner (do no harm)
Confidentiatlity - patient information and relationships
Social trust - Values patient trust based on our actions and behavior
What is the best way to avoid a lawsuit? - documentation, charting and communication
Civil Offence (Lawsuit) - - Wrongful offence against a person
- satisfaction is sought (money)
- Common lawsuits: dental injections, adverse drug reactions, failure to diagnose
Civil Law (Contracts) - Implied and express
Implied Contract - an agreement made through inference by signs, inaction or silence
Express Contract - oral and written
Terminating patients - non-compliance and failure to pay (practitioner)
Abandonment - dismissal of patient without ample and proper notice (patient)
Civil Law (Torts) - Intentional torts and unintentional torts
Intentional torts - - assault
- battery
- deceit and misrepresentation
- defamation
- invasion of property
Assult - threatening bodily harm
ex: person raising his hand to threaten to hit someone who actually doesn't do it
Battery - causing bodily harm
ex: placing sealants on a child's teeth without parental consent or taking radiographs
without permission
,Defamation - Damaging a person's reputation
- Libel: written defamation
- Slander: spoken, verbal defamation
Unintentional Torts - Negligence and malpractice
Neglagence - failure to do what a reasonable person would do
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- Responsible for developing universal/standard precaution protocols for employees to
prevent them from contracting disease through blood and/or other body fluids
HIPPA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Maintains patient confidentiality
- All health care entities that electronically process, store, transmit or receive medical
forms, claims, or remittance
How often does the HIPPA form need to be signed - ***ONE TIME***
Unless:
- Changes are made: patient wants to add or remove an individual from a previous form
- The government makes changes to HIPPA policy
- Office must provide the patient a copy of HIPPA policy every three years
CDC - Central for Disease Control
- Recommends infection control protocol
- Provides guidelines for disease prevention and disease transmission
- Located in Atlanta, GA
COBRA - Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
- Gives individuals the right to keep the group health insurance benefits for 18 months
- Applies if the person has reduced work hours, quits or loses job (voluntary or
involuntary)
- provides coverage for spouse and dependent children
How long can a patient keep their insurance on COBRA? - 18 months
Informed Consent includes: - - presented in understandable language
- nature and need of procedure
- benefits/risk of procedure
- prognosis
- alternatives to procedure
- patient is allowed to ask questions
What is not included in informed consent? - Cost of the procedure
,Ownership of dental records - Dentist owns hard copy on which records are printed
Patient owns information
It is okay for dentist to charge a reasonable fee to transfer records, even if there is a
balance on the account
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Include - - mask
- examination gloves
- protective eyewear: face shield; eyewear with side shield such as goggles, and loupes
- Protective clothing (gowns/jackets worn over clinical attire) made of impervious
material
What is the purpose of PPE? - provides barriers to minimize exposure to aerosols,
spatter, and splash
Disinfectionts - kill or inactivate most pathogenic microbes, not spores
Disinfectant properties include: - - Rapid, broad-spectrum antimicrobial: bactericidal,
fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal
- Odorless, easy to use, fast acting, and economical
- Compatible to environment and surface
- Residual effect- continues to work after it dries
- Non toxic to touch or inhalation
- EPA registered
- Cleans and disinfects
Types of Disinfecting Agents - - Chlorine- based compounds
- Iodophors
- Phenols (water or alcohol based)
- Quaternary compounds
Chlorine- based compounds - corrosive to metals; strong odor
Iodophors - can discolor some surfaces yellow
Phenols (water or alcohol based) - may leave a film or residue on surfaces
Quaternary compounds - not corrosive, but have a lower kill spectrum; limited efficacy
Glutaraldehydes - - should not be used as a surface disinfectant because of toxic
effects of fumes; also is corrosive
- can be used as an immersion sterilant for 10 or more hours
Levels of surface disinfectants include: - - High: capable of killing bacterial spores
- Intermediate: must kill TB organisms
, - Low: includes simple phenol
How do you disinfect a surface area? - Clean-wipe- disinfect
Sterilization - kills all pathogenic microbes, including spores
Methods of Sterilzation: - - chemical or heat
Chemical Vapor Sterilzation - - recommended minimum temperature 270 degrees F for
20 minutes with a pressure of kPa/25 psi
- Ventilation is necessary
- may damage rubber and plastic items
- spore test= Geobacillus (formerly Bacillus) stearothermophilus
Dry Heat Sterilization - - 320 degrees F for 2 hours
- Recommended for metal instruments
- Avoid paper products
- May damage rubber and plastic items
- not recommended for handpieces
- Spore test= Bacillus atrophaeus
Steam Sterilization - - recommended minimum sterilization parameter 250 degrees F
with 15 to 20 lbs per square inch (psi) for 30 minutes
- Corrodes non-stainless (carbon) steel instruments
- Dulls instruments and burs
- OK for some plastics; cotton rolls/gauze (cloth goods)
- paper packages come out wet and tear
- Spore Test= Geobacillus (formerly Bacillus) stearothermophilus
What do the external indicators indicate? - Instruments have been heat processed, does
not guarantee sterilization of instruments
Biologic Monitor (Spore Testing) - - should be conducted weekly
- test for proper function of autoclave- determines if the sterilization cycle is reaching
proper temperature, time, and pressure to kill all microorganisms
What should you address first in an appointment? - Chief complaint
ASA I - A normal, healthy patient; no apparent disease is evident; requires no dental
management modifications
ASA II - A patient with mild systemic disease; may or may not need dental management
modifications
ex: well-controlled NIDDM, asthma, epilepsy, Stage I hypertension, healthy pregnancy
Veracity - telling the truth and expecting it of others
Autonomy - deals with the Patient, not the practitioner
Beneficence - includes the well-being of individuals and the public
Nonmalefience - deals with the practioner (do no harm)
Confidentiatlity - patient information and relationships
Social trust - Values patient trust based on our actions and behavior
What is the best way to avoid a lawsuit? - documentation, charting and communication
Civil Offence (Lawsuit) - - Wrongful offence against a person
- satisfaction is sought (money)
- Common lawsuits: dental injections, adverse drug reactions, failure to diagnose
Civil Law (Contracts) - Implied and express
Implied Contract - an agreement made through inference by signs, inaction or silence
Express Contract - oral and written
Terminating patients - non-compliance and failure to pay (practitioner)
Abandonment - dismissal of patient without ample and proper notice (patient)
Civil Law (Torts) - Intentional torts and unintentional torts
Intentional torts - - assault
- battery
- deceit and misrepresentation
- defamation
- invasion of property
Assult - threatening bodily harm
ex: person raising his hand to threaten to hit someone who actually doesn't do it
Battery - causing bodily harm
ex: placing sealants on a child's teeth without parental consent or taking radiographs
without permission
,Defamation - Damaging a person's reputation
- Libel: written defamation
- Slander: spoken, verbal defamation
Unintentional Torts - Negligence and malpractice
Neglagence - failure to do what a reasonable person would do
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- Responsible for developing universal/standard precaution protocols for employees to
prevent them from contracting disease through blood and/or other body fluids
HIPPA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Maintains patient confidentiality
- All health care entities that electronically process, store, transmit or receive medical
forms, claims, or remittance
How often does the HIPPA form need to be signed - ***ONE TIME***
Unless:
- Changes are made: patient wants to add or remove an individual from a previous form
- The government makes changes to HIPPA policy
- Office must provide the patient a copy of HIPPA policy every three years
CDC - Central for Disease Control
- Recommends infection control protocol
- Provides guidelines for disease prevention and disease transmission
- Located in Atlanta, GA
COBRA - Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
- Gives individuals the right to keep the group health insurance benefits for 18 months
- Applies if the person has reduced work hours, quits or loses job (voluntary or
involuntary)
- provides coverage for spouse and dependent children
How long can a patient keep their insurance on COBRA? - 18 months
Informed Consent includes: - - presented in understandable language
- nature and need of procedure
- benefits/risk of procedure
- prognosis
- alternatives to procedure
- patient is allowed to ask questions
What is not included in informed consent? - Cost of the procedure
,Ownership of dental records - Dentist owns hard copy on which records are printed
Patient owns information
It is okay for dentist to charge a reasonable fee to transfer records, even if there is a
balance on the account
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Include - - mask
- examination gloves
- protective eyewear: face shield; eyewear with side shield such as goggles, and loupes
- Protective clothing (gowns/jackets worn over clinical attire) made of impervious
material
What is the purpose of PPE? - provides barriers to minimize exposure to aerosols,
spatter, and splash
Disinfectionts - kill or inactivate most pathogenic microbes, not spores
Disinfectant properties include: - - Rapid, broad-spectrum antimicrobial: bactericidal,
fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal
- Odorless, easy to use, fast acting, and economical
- Compatible to environment and surface
- Residual effect- continues to work after it dries
- Non toxic to touch or inhalation
- EPA registered
- Cleans and disinfects
Types of Disinfecting Agents - - Chlorine- based compounds
- Iodophors
- Phenols (water or alcohol based)
- Quaternary compounds
Chlorine- based compounds - corrosive to metals; strong odor
Iodophors - can discolor some surfaces yellow
Phenols (water or alcohol based) - may leave a film or residue on surfaces
Quaternary compounds - not corrosive, but have a lower kill spectrum; limited efficacy
Glutaraldehydes - - should not be used as a surface disinfectant because of toxic
effects of fumes; also is corrosive
- can be used as an immersion sterilant for 10 or more hours
Levels of surface disinfectants include: - - High: capable of killing bacterial spores
- Intermediate: must kill TB organisms
, - Low: includes simple phenol
How do you disinfect a surface area? - Clean-wipe- disinfect
Sterilization - kills all pathogenic microbes, including spores
Methods of Sterilzation: - - chemical or heat
Chemical Vapor Sterilzation - - recommended minimum temperature 270 degrees F for
20 minutes with a pressure of kPa/25 psi
- Ventilation is necessary
- may damage rubber and plastic items
- spore test= Geobacillus (formerly Bacillus) stearothermophilus
Dry Heat Sterilization - - 320 degrees F for 2 hours
- Recommended for metal instruments
- Avoid paper products
- May damage rubber and plastic items
- not recommended for handpieces
- Spore test= Bacillus atrophaeus
Steam Sterilization - - recommended minimum sterilization parameter 250 degrees F
with 15 to 20 lbs per square inch (psi) for 30 minutes
- Corrodes non-stainless (carbon) steel instruments
- Dulls instruments and burs
- OK for some plastics; cotton rolls/gauze (cloth goods)
- paper packages come out wet and tear
- Spore Test= Geobacillus (formerly Bacillus) stearothermophilus
What do the external indicators indicate? - Instruments have been heat processed, does
not guarantee sterilization of instruments
Biologic Monitor (Spore Testing) - - should be conducted weekly
- test for proper function of autoclave- determines if the sterilization cycle is reaching
proper temperature, time, and pressure to kill all microorganisms
What should you address first in an appointment? - Chief complaint
ASA I - A normal, healthy patient; no apparent disease is evident; requires no dental
management modifications
ASA II - A patient with mild systemic disease; may or may not need dental management
modifications
ex: well-controlled NIDDM, asthma, epilepsy, Stage I hypertension, healthy pregnancy
