PSYCHOLOGY
DOC. KEVIN MOISES MW(3:30-4:30PM)
Brain
Protecting the CNS
Meninges, Ventricles, and CSF
CNS - encased in bone and covered
by three meninges
Dura mater - tough outer membrane
Arachnoid membrane - weblike
Pia mater - adheres to CNS surface
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid serves as a cushion
Protecting the Brain
Physical protection Chemical protection
Skull The blood-brain barrier – tightly-packed cells
Meninges of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) molecules
,The three major divisions of the brain are the a. hindbrain, b. midbrain and the c. forebrain.
The Hindbrain is the lowest portion of the brain where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain. The
hindbrain is also sometimes called the rhombencephalon (parallel brain), myelencephalon (marrow
brain), and metencephalon (after brain). Important structures of the hindbrain include the cerebellum,
pons and medulla.
The Midbrain is the middle of the brain, surrounded & dwarfed by the forebrain. It is also sometimes
referred to as the mesencephalon. The main parts of the midbrain include the tectum, tegmentum, and
substantia nigra.
The forebrain is the top most structure of the brain whereas higher cognitive processes take place. It is
sometimes referred to as the telencephalon. The outer portion of the forebrain is the cerebral cortex,
also called the cerebrum. It is divided in two hemispheres connected by the corpus callossum, and the
four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital.
Other important structures of the forebrain include the thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon),
basal ganglia, limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus) and the ventricles.
, The Hindbrain
It is the lowest portion of the brain where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain
The hindbrain is also sometimes called the rhombencephalon (parallel brain), myelencephalon (marrow
brain), and metencephalon (after brain).
The posterior part of the brain consists of the medulla, pons and cerebellum.
Three key structures of the hindbrain:
Medulla: essential automatic bodily functions. The medulla helps to control vital reflexes including
breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing through the cranial nerves (which controls
sensation & movement from the head).
Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, and dreaming. The pons lie anterior and ventral to the
medulla. it contains nuclei of some cranial nerves, “bridge” axons in the pons cross from 1 side of the brain
to the other.
Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and
some aspects of perception, cognition, and language. The
cerebellum's function is involved in movement, motor
coordination and balance, as well as processing
visual & auditory stimuli.
Cerebellum (“little brain”)
The cerebellum helps coordinate voluntary movement
such as playing a sport.
The cerebellum has many other functions, including
enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is the middle of the brain, surrounded & dwarfed by the forebrain. A collection of brain
structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal.
It is also sometimes referred to as the mesencephalon.
Main parts of the midbrain include the tectum, tegmentum, and substantia nigra.
Reticular Formation (activating system): runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem; screens
incoming information and controls arousal
The Tectum is the roof of the midbrain. The swelling on each side of the tectum are called superior
colliculus whichprocess information for vision and the inferior colliculus which process information for
hearing (audition).
The Tegmentum is the intermediate level of the midbrain that covers several other midbrain structures.
It contains nucleus for III & IV. cranial nerves
The Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway that facilitates readiness for
movement
DOC. KEVIN MOISES MW(3:30-4:30PM)
Brain
Protecting the CNS
Meninges, Ventricles, and CSF
CNS - encased in bone and covered
by three meninges
Dura mater - tough outer membrane
Arachnoid membrane - weblike
Pia mater - adheres to CNS surface
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid serves as a cushion
Protecting the Brain
Physical protection Chemical protection
Skull The blood-brain barrier – tightly-packed cells
Meninges of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) molecules
,The three major divisions of the brain are the a. hindbrain, b. midbrain and the c. forebrain.
The Hindbrain is the lowest portion of the brain where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain. The
hindbrain is also sometimes called the rhombencephalon (parallel brain), myelencephalon (marrow
brain), and metencephalon (after brain). Important structures of the hindbrain include the cerebellum,
pons and medulla.
The Midbrain is the middle of the brain, surrounded & dwarfed by the forebrain. It is also sometimes
referred to as the mesencephalon. The main parts of the midbrain include the tectum, tegmentum, and
substantia nigra.
The forebrain is the top most structure of the brain whereas higher cognitive processes take place. It is
sometimes referred to as the telencephalon. The outer portion of the forebrain is the cerebral cortex,
also called the cerebrum. It is divided in two hemispheres connected by the corpus callossum, and the
four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital.
Other important structures of the forebrain include the thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon),
basal ganglia, limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus) and the ventricles.
, The Hindbrain
It is the lowest portion of the brain where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain
The hindbrain is also sometimes called the rhombencephalon (parallel brain), myelencephalon (marrow
brain), and metencephalon (after brain).
The posterior part of the brain consists of the medulla, pons and cerebellum.
Three key structures of the hindbrain:
Medulla: essential automatic bodily functions. The medulla helps to control vital reflexes including
breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing through the cranial nerves (which controls
sensation & movement from the head).
Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, and dreaming. The pons lie anterior and ventral to the
medulla. it contains nuclei of some cranial nerves, “bridge” axons in the pons cross from 1 side of the brain
to the other.
Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and
some aspects of perception, cognition, and language. The
cerebellum's function is involved in movement, motor
coordination and balance, as well as processing
visual & auditory stimuli.
Cerebellum (“little brain”)
The cerebellum helps coordinate voluntary movement
such as playing a sport.
The cerebellum has many other functions, including
enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is the middle of the brain, surrounded & dwarfed by the forebrain. A collection of brain
structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal.
It is also sometimes referred to as the mesencephalon.
Main parts of the midbrain include the tectum, tegmentum, and substantia nigra.
Reticular Formation (activating system): runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem; screens
incoming information and controls arousal
The Tectum is the roof of the midbrain. The swelling on each side of the tectum are called superior
colliculus whichprocess information for vision and the inferior colliculus which process information for
hearing (audition).
The Tegmentum is the intermediate level of the midbrain that covers several other midbrain structures.
It contains nucleus for III & IV. cranial nerves
The Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway that facilitates readiness for
movement
