HESI (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY) LATEST GUIDE 2022
Blood flow Inferior SUPERIOR VENA CAVA->RIGHT ATRIUM->RIGHT VENTRICLE
VIA TRICUPSID VALVE->TO THE LUNGS VIA PULMONARY TRUNK/PULMONARY
SEMILUNAR VALVE/PULMONARY ARTERY->BACK TO THE LEFT ATRIUM VIA
PULMONARY VEIN->LEFT VENTRICLE VIA MITRIAL(BICUPSID) VALVE->GOES TO
THE BODY VIA AORTA/SEMILUNAR VALVE
Layers of the EPIDERMIS (outer to inner layer) Stratum Corneum(SC) Found in the
heel/no nuclei-> Stratum lucidum(SL) absent in thin skin/no nuclei-> Stratum
Granulosm(SGr)->Stratum Germinativum(SGerm) mitosis occurs contains stratum
basale and stratum stratum spinosum
Layers of the skin Epidermis(Keratin/layer of dead cells/no blood flow
Dermis(innermost layer of skin) contains blood vessels/sensory nerve endings/fibrous
connective tissue, Hypodermis
sebum oily secretion by sebaceous glands
arrector pili muscle goosebumps makes hair stand up
dermal papilla Responsible for fingerprints, found between dermis and epidermis
apocrine and eccrine 2 types of sweat glands
Apocrine found in armpits and comes in during puberty smell
Eccrine found on arm/legs etc and most numerous no smell
Pacinian corpuscles deep touching e.g grabbing
Meissner's corpuscles fine touching e.g like wind
simple squamous maximum diffusion(substances pass thru easily) e.g gas exchange in
lungs, alveoli, Blood vessels, lymph vessels
simpe cuboidal secretion/absorption e.gGlands and Kidneys
simple columnar epithelium secretion, and absorption e.g. uterus DI Tract
stratified squamous epithelium function Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected
to abrasion
stratified cuboidal epithelium function protection
transitional epithelium function stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ
by contained urine
, scleroderma rare chronic autoimmune disease in which the skin and connective tissues
tighten and harden--due to body produce too much collagen in tissues
melanin found in stratum basale and is responsible for skin pigment /made by
melanocytes
skeletal system(how many) 206
appendicular skeleton 126 bones appendages + contains os coxae and pelvic girdle
The axial skeleton 80 The fused part 22 skull:14 facial 8 cranium 7 pair true ribs 5 pair
false
ball and socket joint freely movable easily injured e.g. shoulder/humerus hip/femur
short/flat/irregular/long/sesamoid bone ex short bone carpals tarsals
ex flat bone scapula
ex irregular bone veterebal/pelvis/facial
ex long bone femur
ex sesamoid bone patella
saddle joints thumb/metacarpals
pivot joint atlas/axis and radius ulnar joint or radial notch
hinge joint elbow
gliding joint ankle, wrist, clavicle
SYNOVIAL joint/DIARTHROTIC most are freely movable all limb joints knee
AMPHIARTHROTIC joint slightly movable e.g. bones connected by disks of
fibrocartilage or ligaments
SYNARTHROTIC Joint not movable fused together e.g. skull sutures
spine(how many cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae) 7 cervical
vertebrae+ 12 thoracic vertebrae+ 5 lumbar vertebrae
General body Terminology
Proximal/Distal Proximal means closer to the point of attachment and distal means
further away from the point of attachment
Sagittal plane separates body into L and R
Coronal/Frontal plane separates body into Front and Back
Blood flow Inferior SUPERIOR VENA CAVA->RIGHT ATRIUM->RIGHT VENTRICLE
VIA TRICUPSID VALVE->TO THE LUNGS VIA PULMONARY TRUNK/PULMONARY
SEMILUNAR VALVE/PULMONARY ARTERY->BACK TO THE LEFT ATRIUM VIA
PULMONARY VEIN->LEFT VENTRICLE VIA MITRIAL(BICUPSID) VALVE->GOES TO
THE BODY VIA AORTA/SEMILUNAR VALVE
Layers of the EPIDERMIS (outer to inner layer) Stratum Corneum(SC) Found in the
heel/no nuclei-> Stratum lucidum(SL) absent in thin skin/no nuclei-> Stratum
Granulosm(SGr)->Stratum Germinativum(SGerm) mitosis occurs contains stratum
basale and stratum stratum spinosum
Layers of the skin Epidermis(Keratin/layer of dead cells/no blood flow
Dermis(innermost layer of skin) contains blood vessels/sensory nerve endings/fibrous
connective tissue, Hypodermis
sebum oily secretion by sebaceous glands
arrector pili muscle goosebumps makes hair stand up
dermal papilla Responsible for fingerprints, found between dermis and epidermis
apocrine and eccrine 2 types of sweat glands
Apocrine found in armpits and comes in during puberty smell
Eccrine found on arm/legs etc and most numerous no smell
Pacinian corpuscles deep touching e.g grabbing
Meissner's corpuscles fine touching e.g like wind
simple squamous maximum diffusion(substances pass thru easily) e.g gas exchange in
lungs, alveoli, Blood vessels, lymph vessels
simpe cuboidal secretion/absorption e.gGlands and Kidneys
simple columnar epithelium secretion, and absorption e.g. uterus DI Tract
stratified squamous epithelium function Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected
to abrasion
stratified cuboidal epithelium function protection
transitional epithelium function stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ
by contained urine
, scleroderma rare chronic autoimmune disease in which the skin and connective tissues
tighten and harden--due to body produce too much collagen in tissues
melanin found in stratum basale and is responsible for skin pigment /made by
melanocytes
skeletal system(how many) 206
appendicular skeleton 126 bones appendages + contains os coxae and pelvic girdle
The axial skeleton 80 The fused part 22 skull:14 facial 8 cranium 7 pair true ribs 5 pair
false
ball and socket joint freely movable easily injured e.g. shoulder/humerus hip/femur
short/flat/irregular/long/sesamoid bone ex short bone carpals tarsals
ex flat bone scapula
ex irregular bone veterebal/pelvis/facial
ex long bone femur
ex sesamoid bone patella
saddle joints thumb/metacarpals
pivot joint atlas/axis and radius ulnar joint or radial notch
hinge joint elbow
gliding joint ankle, wrist, clavicle
SYNOVIAL joint/DIARTHROTIC most are freely movable all limb joints knee
AMPHIARTHROTIC joint slightly movable e.g. bones connected by disks of
fibrocartilage or ligaments
SYNARTHROTIC Joint not movable fused together e.g. skull sutures
spine(how many cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae) 7 cervical
vertebrae+ 12 thoracic vertebrae+ 5 lumbar vertebrae
General body Terminology
Proximal/Distal Proximal means closer to the point of attachment and distal means
further away from the point of attachment
Sagittal plane separates body into L and R
Coronal/Frontal plane separates body into Front and Back
