NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
Know the Etiology, Signs/Symptoms, Diagnosis/Diagnostics, Clinical
Manifestation, Risks, Treatment and Complications for the
following:
▪ Gastritis
Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach lining
Acute Gastritis – (just acquired) ingestion of toxins, alcohol, aspirin or
other irritating substances
Chronic- 2 months to become chronic
Triggers of Gastritis: Alcohol, caffeine, autoimmune disease,
viral or bacteria Chronic Gastritis: H Pylori is always a factor
H Pylori goes very deep in the lining of the stomach and It causes persistent
inflammation
S/S: N/V – Anorexia- postcranial discomfort
Post Cranial Discomfort- after eating- goes away and
come back 1-2 hrs Gastritis- hematemesis- blood in the
vomit- coffee brown color
Treatment: Treat H pylori treat GERD, change lifestyle, PPI
▪ Peptic Ulcer Disease
Inflammation and ulceration in the stomach (acid
and pepsin) Gastric: stomach location
Duodenal: duodenal
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
,NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
location PUD is a
complication of Gastritis
PUD is caused by aspirin, H pylori, Nsaids,
Stress, Smoking S/S Gastric N/V Anorexia Chest
discomfort, asymptotic, Dyspepsia
Duodenal – normal weight
Biggest complication of PUD- GI bleeding due to Ulcer perforation-
hole in the lining and bleed
It is life-threatening if it keep bleeding (Anemic, electrolytes
imbalance (losing volume) Duodenal – Blood in the stool – black and
tarry
Bleeding profusely-frank
with cloth Hematemesis-
Bleeding in vomiting
Treatment: Cortery of perforation, treatment of H. pylori, PPI, Cessation of
smoking
▪ Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s the difference in the
complications Complication in UC Malnutrition – dehydration,
increased risk factor of colon cancer 7-10 yrs, rarely in
megacolon
Complication of Chron- Fistulas, perianal fissures, abscesses. The risk of
colorectal cancer
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
,NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
▪ Bowel Obstruction Manifestations
Obstructions in the jejunal area: Vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte
depletion Obstructions of the distal portion of the small bowl or
ileum, dehydration to hypovolemic schock
Obstructions of the colon: Massive gas distention
Blockage of the colon by a tumor is the most common cause of colonic
obstruction and perforation of the bowel wall adjacent to the tumor.
▪ What percentage of the pancreas is dedicated to endocrine
functions?
Only 5%
▪ Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer – 2% of all cancers
Ranked 4th among death in all
malignancies Risk Factors; cigarette
smoking, obesity
S/S; head: Jaundice, malabsorption, weight loss tail: Abd pain, nausea’
▪ Hepatic Encephalopathy is due to?
Hepatic encephalopathy is a decline in brain function due to severe liver
disease
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
, NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
Hepatic encephalopathy is usually precipitated by certain well-defined
clinical developments, including hypokalemia, hyponatremia, alkalosis,
hypoxia, hypercarbia, infection, use of sedatives, GI hemorrhage, protein
meal gorging, renal failure, and constipation. In some patients, progressive
liver failure leads to chronic encephalopathy without other exacerbating
factors.
Hepatic encephalopathy is graded 1 to 4:
• Grade 1: Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, no flap
• Grade 2: Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present
• Grade 3: Stuporous but can follow commands, marked confusion,
slurred speech, flap present
• Grade 4: Coma, no flap
▪ Gastroesophageal Varices Management
-
- Initial treatment: Fluid resuscitation to stop
-
bleeding Large bore intravenous lines are
placed
Admin of parenteral vitamin K and plasma, platelet infusion if
thrombocytopenia is present
- Octreotide acetate (synthetic analog) no more vasopressin 3-5
-
- days Metoclopramide and B blockers
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD to determine site of bleeding
▪ Difference between Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
Know the Etiology, Signs/Symptoms, Diagnosis/Diagnostics, Clinical
Manifestation, Risks, Treatment and Complications for the
following:
▪ Gastritis
Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach lining
Acute Gastritis – (just acquired) ingestion of toxins, alcohol, aspirin or
other irritating substances
Chronic- 2 months to become chronic
Triggers of Gastritis: Alcohol, caffeine, autoimmune disease,
viral or bacteria Chronic Gastritis: H Pylori is always a factor
H Pylori goes very deep in the lining of the stomach and It causes persistent
inflammation
S/S: N/V – Anorexia- postcranial discomfort
Post Cranial Discomfort- after eating- goes away and
come back 1-2 hrs Gastritis- hematemesis- blood in the
vomit- coffee brown color
Treatment: Treat H pylori treat GERD, change lifestyle, PPI
▪ Peptic Ulcer Disease
Inflammation and ulceration in the stomach (acid
and pepsin) Gastric: stomach location
Duodenal: duodenal
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
,NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
location PUD is a
complication of Gastritis
PUD is caused by aspirin, H pylori, Nsaids,
Stress, Smoking S/S Gastric N/V Anorexia Chest
discomfort, asymptotic, Dyspepsia
Duodenal – normal weight
Biggest complication of PUD- GI bleeding due to Ulcer perforation-
hole in the lining and bleed
It is life-threatening if it keep bleeding (Anemic, electrolytes
imbalance (losing volume) Duodenal – Blood in the stool – black and
tarry
Bleeding profusely-frank
with cloth Hematemesis-
Bleeding in vomiting
Treatment: Cortery of perforation, treatment of H. pylori, PPI, Cessation of
smoking
▪ Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s the difference in the
complications Complication in UC Malnutrition – dehydration,
increased risk factor of colon cancer 7-10 yrs, rarely in
megacolon
Complication of Chron- Fistulas, perianal fissures, abscesses. The risk of
colorectal cancer
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
,NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
▪ Bowel Obstruction Manifestations
Obstructions in the jejunal area: Vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte
depletion Obstructions of the distal portion of the small bowl or
ileum, dehydration to hypovolemic schock
Obstructions of the colon: Massive gas distention
Blockage of the colon by a tumor is the most common cause of colonic
obstruction and perforation of the bowel wall adjacent to the tumor.
▪ What percentage of the pancreas is dedicated to endocrine
functions?
Only 5%
▪ Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer – 2% of all cancers
Ranked 4th among death in all
malignancies Risk Factors; cigarette
smoking, obesity
S/S; head: Jaundice, malabsorption, weight loss tail: Abd pain, nausea’
▪ Hepatic Encephalopathy is due to?
Hepatic encephalopathy is a decline in brain function due to severe liver
disease
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
, NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
Hepatic encephalopathy is usually precipitated by certain well-defined
clinical developments, including hypokalemia, hyponatremia, alkalosis,
hypoxia, hypercarbia, infection, use of sedatives, GI hemorrhage, protein
meal gorging, renal failure, and constipation. In some patients, progressive
liver failure leads to chronic encephalopathy without other exacerbating
factors.
Hepatic encephalopathy is graded 1 to 4:
• Grade 1: Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, no flap
• Grade 2: Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present
• Grade 3: Stuporous but can follow commands, marked confusion,
slurred speech, flap present
• Grade 4: Coma, no flap
▪ Gastroesophageal Varices Management
-
- Initial treatment: Fluid resuscitation to stop
-
bleeding Large bore intravenous lines are
placed
Admin of parenteral vitamin K and plasma, platelet infusion if
thrombocytopenia is present
- Octreotide acetate (synthetic analog) no more vasopressin 3-5
-
- days Metoclopramide and B blockers
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD to determine site of bleeding
▪ Difference between Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
NURS 2063 REVISED EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BEST GUARANTEED SUCCESS LATEST
UPDATE 2022
