SSHS BIOL1050 Final Review(These are flashcards to help students enrolled in Medical Anatomy & Physiology to prepare for the state final. Taught at South Sevier High School, Monroe, Utah.)

What cavity holds the liver? abdominal cavity Describe anatomy. the study of structure 00:03 01:17 What is the name of the mechanism that works like a pendulum, it initiates an action to reverse or reduce the original stimulus? negative feedback, homeostasis What plane divides you into right and left halves? sagittal plane (midsagittal) Give some examples of positive feedback. childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting What are the levels of organization? chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism What quadrant is the spleen found in? LUQ Why are homeostatic mechanisms said to work by negative feedback? because most reverse the original stimulus What anatomical plane cuts you into front and back halves? frontal plane What is an ion? an atom that either gains or loses electrons What are the four most abundant elements in the body? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen What type of chemical bonds transfer electrons from one atom to another? ionic List the states of matter. solid, liquid, gas What is the pH scale? the scale that tells how acidic or basic a solution is What is the pH of blood? 7.35-7.45 What are organic compounds? Inorganic? organic = usually contain carbon, are large, form covalent bonds, and are flammable inorganic= do not have carbon, are small, and usually form ionic bonds Name the transportation process that uses energy to move ions against a concentration gradient. active transport What structure controls all cellular activities? nucleus Which organelle does protein synthesis? ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum What cellular structure is responsible for moving the entire cell? flagellum Name the membrane found in all movable joints? synovial membrane What are the four main types of tissue? epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Name the outermost layer of skin. epidermis What organelle is the site of cell product storage? vacuoles What are the four main cell components? cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles What type of cell division ends up with diploid cells? mitosis What type of gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream? endocrine gland What type of gland produces perspiration? sudoriferous What type of tissue binds things together? connective tissue What type of membrane is found lining body cavities without an opening to the outside? serous membrane Which organelle produces the enzyme responsible for phagocytic activity? lysosomes What is a synovial joint? a joint with a synovial capsule and end of bones covered with articular cartilage What type of joint are sutures of the skull? fibrous joint Which bone markings are only found on the femur? trochanter Name the shaft of a long bone. diaphysis What connects bone to bone? ligaments List two examples of fibrous joints. sutures of skull, sockets of teeth, distal tibia/ fibula articulation What cells break down existing bone matrix? osteoclasts Name the bone that does not articulate with any other bone. hyoid Name the theory that involves actin and myosin. sliding filament theory What type of muscle would you find intercalated disks and gap junctions in? cardiac muscle Which attachment is said to be most proximal and have the larger surface area? origin Name the condition that is characterized by chronic pain in muscles and soft tissues around joints. fibromyalgia Define synergist. assits the agonist by providing additional force Name the functions of the muscular system. motion by levers, posture, regulate organ volume, thermogenesis, protection of internal organs The thin filament in a muscle fiber is called __________. actin What muscle group does knee extension? quadriceps Name the two parts of the diencephalons. thalamus, hypothalamus What does the brainstem regulate? regulates vital, unconscious processes Where do you find the vestibule, semicircular canal, and the cochlea? inner ear What does the temporal lobe do? hearing and balance, interpretation of sensory experiences, memory of visual scenery and music Name the parts of the brain stem. pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata What are the two primary divisions of the nervous system? central nervous system, peripheral nervous system What part of the brain controls balance and coordination? cerebellum Name the part of the outer ear that directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane. auricle or pinna What is the pigmented part of the eye, and what does it do? iris, controls the amount of light that goes into the eye Name the lobes of the the cerebrum. frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital Name the three stages of hemostasis? vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation What system is responsible for changes during puberty? endocrine Name the triangular glands on each kidney. adrenal What causes acromegaly? excessive HGH during adulthood What is the thyroid hormone that helps influence metabolism and metabolic rate? thyroxine Name the condition that deals with hyposecretion of growth hormone. dwarfism Name the glands of the endocrine system. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas What is the master gland? Why? pituitary, because it regulates the other glands What is the name for the disease in which the body cannot regulate blood sugar? diabetes mellitus What disorder is known for infected swollen parotid glands? mumps What blood type has B antigens and A antibodies? type B blood Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of what? Leukocytes (WBC) Which WBC does HIV infect? T-cells What element is described as an anucleated bioconcave disc? Erythrocytes (RBC) Name the formed elements found in blood. erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes What cells are responsible for synthesis of antibodies? B-cells What valve is found between the rt atrium and the rt ventricle? Tricuspid valve What is the primary pacemaker of the heart? SA node Which serous membrane surrounds the heart? pericardium Name the genetic condition where blood lacks clotting factor. hemophilia In what type of vessel does nutrient exchange take place? capillaries What is the cardiac cycle term for relaxation of the ventricles? diastole What type of artery carries deoxygenated blood? pulmonary artery What is the gas exchange called that happens between the capillaries and the body cells? internal respiration Name the respiratory pathway into the body. nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and aveoli What do you call the air that you breath in and out during normal breathing? tidal volume What disorder is characterized by the lungs filling up with pus or fluid? pneumonia What is the primary stimulus for breathing? carbon dioxide What structure forms the Adam's Apple? thyroid cartilage Where does gas exchange occur within the lungs? alveoli Name the parts of the small intestine. deudenum, jejunum, and ileum List in order the parts of the large intestine. cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus What does salivary amylace breakdown? carbohydrates What does bile do? emulsifies fat Name the accessory organs of the digestive system? teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, spleen, What does pepsin help chemically digest? protein Where is bile stored? gallbladder Name the layers of a tooth. enamel, dentin, and pulp What is the outer layer of kidney called? renal capsule What processes are involved in urine formation. filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Name the parts of the urinary system? kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Which kidney structure is responsible for filtration? nephron What urinary structure stores urine? bladder What are some terms that mean urination? micturition, urination, voiding What disorder is caused by hyposection of ADH? diabetes insipidus What is the functional unit of the kidney? nephron Name the external male reproductive structures. scrotum, penis How many days are in the typical menstrual cycle? 28 Dilation and effacement take place during what stage of labor? 1st stage of labor Name the upper dome shaped portion of the uterus. fundus Which type of cellular division forms gamates? meiosis What hormone is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy? progesterone What does the male chromosome #23 look like? Y Where does spermatogenesis take place? seminiferous tubules Medial closer to the midline Lordosis abnormal curve of the lumbar spine Foramen a hole or tunnel in a bone Agonist prime mover Anorexia lack of appetite Incontinence inability to control urination Sarcomere functional unit of a muscle fiber Mastification chewing Cytokenesis division of cytoplasm Scoliosis lateral curve of the spine Motor unit one nerve and all the muscle fibers that it innervates Duramater "tough mother" outermost of the meninges Cataracts loss of transparency of the lens of the eye or its capsule Embolus a blood clot, bubble of air, or debris transported by the bloodstream Antigen substance that has the ability to provoke an immune response CVA Cardiovascular accident Tidal volume air breathed out during normal breathing Ulcers an open lesion of the skin or a mucous membrane Peristalsis wave-like motion Cervix neck or inferior cylindrical part of uterus Fimbriae finger-like projections at the ends of the uterine tubes Strabismus an imbalance in the extrinsic eye muscles that cannot be controlled voluntarily BP Blood Pressure