Exam 1 - Reseach Methods in Psychology PSY 3213 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Exam 1 - Reseach Methods in Psychology PSY 3213 Method of Authority Correct Answer: Belief in authority - i.e. religious beliefs Belief in Authority - i.e. religious beliefs Correct Answer: Method of Authority Method of Tenacity Correct Answer: when someone refuses to change their beliefs even when presented with evidence contrary to their beliefs - i.e. Bigot When someone refuses to change their beliefs even when presented with evidence contrary to their beliefs - i.e. Bigot Correct Answer: Method of Tenacity Priori Method Correct Answer: When someone just believes without prior study or examination - this is the less stressful of belief systems When someone just believes without prior study or examination - this is the less stressful of belief systems Correct Answer: Priori Method Introspection Correct Answer: Looking into one's self or at one's actions to gain insight Looking into one's self or at one's actions to gain insight Correct Answer: Introspection Personal Insight Correct Answer: Where we get our "true" ideas about things and helps to shape our understanding of reality Where we get our "true" ideas about things and helps to shape our understanding of reality Correct Answer: Personal Insight Observer Bias Correct Answer: When you see what you expect to see When you see what you expect to see Correct Answer: Observer Bias Full Moon Effect Correct Answer: Example of Observer Bias What is an example of Observer Bias Correct Answer: Full Moon Effect Confounded Variables Correct Answer: When you can't separate one cause from another or having multiple causes When you can't separate one cause from another or having multiple causes Correct Answer: Confounded Variables Rate @ which something falls is an example of Correct Answer: Confounded Variable An example of Confounded Variables is Correct Answer: Rate at which something falls What is Empirical Ideology Correct Answer: This is the cornerstone of the scientific method and it is based on experience rather than faith and is the source of knowledge based on systematic observation and it is self correcting This is the cornerstone of the scientific method and it is based on experience rather than faith and it is the source of knowledge based on systematic observation and it is self correcting Correct Answer: Empirical ideology Self Correcting Correct Answer: This is part of empirical observation and allow for scientific understanding and "weeds" out "incorrect" theory. Allows for the theory to build in strength This is part of empirical observation and allows for scientific understanding and "weeds" out "incorrect" theory. Allows for the theory to build strength Correct Answer: Self Correcting The 3 processes of the Scientific Procedure Correct Answer: 1. Description 2. Prediction 3. Explanation What is Description in the Scientific Procedure Correct Answer: Based on observation and describes the phenomenon being tested Based on observation and describes the phenomenon being tested Correct Answer: Description Prediction Correct Answer: Based on relationship and involves correlation between the variables being tested Based on relationship and involves correlation between the variables being tested Correct Answer: Prediction Explanation Correct Answer: Establishes the conditions under which phenomenon occurs based on experimentation Establishes the conditions under which phenomenon occurs based on experimentation Correct Answer: Explanation Experimentation Correct Answer: The manipulation of variables thought to underlie the phenomenon The manipulation of variables thought to underlie the phenomenon Correct Answer: Experimentation What is the Concept of Control Condition Correct Answer: In order to understand something you sometimes have to look at it artificially or in a lab setting (i.e. Rate at which something falls). Also the technique of producing comparisons and holding one variable constant In order to understand something you sometimes have to look at it artificially or in a lab setting (i.e. rate at which something falls). Also the technique of producing comparisons and holding one variable constant Correct Answer: Concept of Control Condition Data comes from Correct Answer: Empirical observation Theory Correct Answer: Organization of concepts that permit the prediction of data Organization of concepts that permit the prediction of data Correct Answer: Theory Reasoning from specific to general or data to theory Correct Answer: Induction Induction Correct Answer: Reasoning from specific to general or from data to theory From general to specific or theory to data Correct Answer: Deduction (i.e. all swans are white) Deduction Correct Answer: From general to specific or from theory to data Example of deduction Correct Answer: All swans are white Pitting one theory against another in hopes one possibility is eliminated an the other is supported (elimination procedure) is called Correct Answer: Strong Inference Strong Inference Correct Answer: Pitting one theory against another in hopes one possibility is eliminated and the other is supported (elimination procedure) What is an example of a problem with Strong Inference Correct Answer: Blind Man/Elephant Analogy - you may not see the big picture How do theories evolve Correct Answer: Data - Theory - New Data - New Theory Data - Theory - New Data - Theory Correct Answer: Evolution of a theory What are the functions of Theory (2) Correct Answer: 1. Organize Data 2. Generate Predictions What was the class example of a Theory Correct Answer: The Periodic Table of elements this is primarily used to in mathematics to describe how _______ a theory is Correct Answer: Precise A theory that is ________ means it can explain many occurrences with few statements Correct Answer: Parsimonious What is another name for Parsimonious Correct Answer: Occam's Razor A theory increases as ti survives tests that could reject it says the theory has Correct Answer: Testability An example of testability is Correct Answer: E=MC2 One cannot formally accept a theory until it can be Correct Answer: Tested Real world Observation is Correct Answer: Naturalistic observation Naturalistic observation is Correct Answer: Observation in the real world A case study is Correct Answer: In a clinical setting usually on one subject at a time Usually done in clinical setting one subject at a time Correct Answer: Case study Information gathered via questionnaire Correct Answer: Survey A Survey is Correct Answer: Information gathered via questionnaire A problem with Naturalistic observation Correct Answer: Reactivity Reactivity is Correct Answer: When subjects don't behave naturally because they know they are being studied When subjects don't behave naturally because they know they are being tested is called Correct Answer: Reactivity A way to combat reactivity Correct Answer: camouflage or use hidden cameras A problem with case studies is Correct Answer: Forgetfulness or repression A way to combat forgetfulness or repression is Correct Answer: to gather information from other sources What is a meta analysis Correct Answer: A statistical analysis of many studies already conducted on the subject of interest A statistical analysis of many studies already conducted on the subject of interest is Correct Answer: A Meta Analysis A problem with Survey is Correct Answer: Sample size, Response acquiescence, response deviation and social desirability How do you alleviate the problems with survey issues like nay sayers, yea sayers and social desirability Correct Answer: Use forced choices between equally desirable or undesirable alternatives