MATH 3 Psychology Exam 3 Questions & Answers

MATH 3 Psychology Exam 3 Questions & Answers CHAPTER 11: Q: About the same time that infants begin to crawl, usually between 6 and 8 months, they also begin to show separation anxiety. This indicates that they . A: now recognize who does and does not belong in their social world Q: The complete cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycles is called . A: menopause Q: Eduardo’s father, a heavy smoker, died fairly young from lung cancer. Eduardo looks at his small children and wants to lead a long and healthy life. What should be his focus? A: lifestyle factors Q: Babies can’t talk. Which of the following are ways in which researchers directly assess the sensory capacities of very young babies? A: measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements Q: The major theme of physical and cognitive development in midlife is . A: stability Q: Which of the following best describes the relationships of older adults? A: Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful. Q: According to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard, 1996), who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time? A: identical twins Q: During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen, and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents? A: placenta Q: Professor Edokpa teaches college classes in an evening program, and has students of all ages. Tonight they are discussing whether human rights are universal or vary according to cultural values. One student, Harry, clearly enjoys debating the pros and cons of each position, while another student, Carl, expresses frustration that he can’t figure out the correct answer. Harry is engaging in . A: postformal thought Q: A period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity is called . A: puberty Q: Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along (Baumrind, 1975; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). A: two dimensions: support and behavioral regulation Q: Newborns show an innate preference for looking at faces. This preference . A: provides advantages in social behavior and language learning Q: Which of the following is in the category of the most common and preventable sources of adverse effects in the developing fetus? A: Allison and her husband drink a bottle or two of wine every night with dinner. Q: Children grow up and move out, leaving their parents at midlife with an “empty nest.” Michael’s parents, Americans, are quite cheerful about it. Rumi’s parents, from India and now living in Canada, are quite disappointed. This difference in reaction most likely reflects . A: cultural variation Q: Teens begin to form an identity by asking “Who am I?” and “What kind of person do I want to be?” According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to . A: role confusion and problems with subsequent stages Q: Gabriel is 25 years old, 6 foot 3 inches, and 185 pounds. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and continues to play in a competitive league. Gabriel . A: is most likely at the peak of his physical fitness Q: Jack was a very timid child, both physically and socially. His parents gently encouraged him to participate in activities with other children. Over time he became quite adept at playing team sports. This is an example of . A: goodness of fit Q: Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging? A: fluid intelligence Q: Which of the following is a finding from Harry Harlow’s study (1958) of rhesus monkeys and attachment? A: The mother’s ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant. Q: The study of human development considers changes in behavior . A: that correlate with growth or maturation Q: Long-term marriage partners show more similarities with each other due to a lifetime spent in each other’s company, along with a(n) . A: lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits Q: The emotional bonding between an infant and a parent or caregiver is called . A: attachment Q: How can adolescence best be described? A: A period of development beginning at puberty and ending at young adulthood Q: We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a “use it or lose it” fashion. What does this demonstrate? A: The important role of experience in wiring the brain Q: The starting point of late adulthood is best described as . A: vague Q: Marjorie is in her seventh month of pregnancy with her first child. Which of the following is true regarding her fetus’s development? A: The fetus can hear and recognize Marjorie’s voice. Q: Myelination of the frontal lobes is much greater in adults aged 23 to 30 than in youth between the ages of 12 and 16. Unfortunately, the adolescent’s white matter is more susceptible than an adult’s to damage from . A: binge drinking Q: Which scenario exemplifies a key factor in predicting the timing of attachment? A: Jayce is starting to crawl. Q: Midlife is most often a time of . A: many challenges Q: Why does a 40-year-old woman have a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman? A: A 40-year-old woman has been exposed to more years of environmental influence, possibly including harmful factors, that can lead to faulty cell division. Q: Sofia was six pounds at birth. She is a healthy baby. How much does she likely weigh now that she is one year old? A: 18 pounds (tripled) Q: Ryan grew up in a family of four boys. He and his brothers have never engaged in “acting out” behaviors, such as excessive drinking or drug use. However, now in their teens, they tend to be depressed and withdrawn from their peers. Their parents are most likely . A: authoritarian Q: Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development? A: Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community. Q: Kohlberg’s postconventional reasoning has been criticized as not representing a universal stage of moral development, but rather being (Murphy, Gilligan, & Puka, 1994). A: a characteristic of males in Europe and the United States Q: Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life (Thomas & Chess, 1977, 1989). These traits . A: most likely represent genetic differences Q: Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including issues such as the finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the of cognitive development. A: formal operational stage Q: With regard to developmental outcomes, your text emphasizes . A: the interactions between nature and nurture Q: What is the definition of accommodation? A: The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema Q: Ava is almost one month old. What does she spend most of her day doing? A: sleeping Q: In Erikson’s work (Erikson, 1968), a consistent, unified sense of self is called . A: identity Q: Marcus is about 1-1/2 years old. His mother left him at a friend’s house to play for the first time while she took the family car in for maintenance. Marcus did not show distress when his mother left nor did he immediately approach her when she returned. What pattern of attachment is this? A: avoidant Q: The ectoderm develops into . A: the nervous system Q: Joshua is three years old. He often whines, and constantly demands attention from his parents, not venturing far from them at the park. Which of the following would most likely describe the parenting style of Joshua’s parents? A: unresponsive or inconsistent Q: The obvious evolutionary purpose of puberty is to prepare an individual for . A: sex Q: During which stage do cells begin to differentiate into three types: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? A: zygote Q: Which of the following is true regarding young adulthood? A: It emerges gradually in industrialized countries. Q: In whose life have epigenetic processes likely played the most dominant role? A: Sixty-five old Oliver, who has worked hard as a truck driver since he was 19 years old Q: What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby’s sensory capacities? A: When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he likely cannot tell the difference between them. Q: At the onset of puberty, . A: there is substantial gray matter growth Q: A pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance is called . A: secure attachment Q: A failure to develop a typical theory of mind has been linked to the development of (Gopnik, Capps, & Meltzoff, 2000). A: autism Q: Jenna is a very rebellious teenager. Just about everything she says and does worries her parents. Her values are most likely . A: not too different from her parents Q: Ethan is just two weeks old. His mother strokes his cheek and he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the . A: rooting reflex Q: What is egocentrism in Piaget’s view? A: The limited ability to understand the point of view of other people Q: Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theories? A: Piaget viewed the developing child in relative isolation from his or her family, community, and culture. Q: Amy loves to eat swordfish in any preparation but decides to avoid it during her pregnancy. Why? A: It contains mercury, which is harmful to brain development. Q: The vast majority of genetic abnormalities in an embryo will result in . A: spontaneous abortion or miscarriage Q: The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is . A: authoritarian Q: What is a teratogen? A: A chemical agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus Q: According to an influential model of relationships, the persistence of a relationship is a direct result of the partners’ commitment, which in turn is determined by the partners’ satisfaction with the relationship, the amount of investment they have already put into their relationship, and (Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998). A: the quality of their alternatives Q: Contemporary views on human development focus on age-related changes that occur . A: across the life span Q: Lucas is in first grade and works hard to print his alphabet letters on the lines on his notebook paper. In which direction is this motor development proceeding? A: from head to toe Q: When Zach started elementary school, he was able to focus very attentively on class projects, but only for limited periods of time. By about sixth grade, his attention span started to lengthen significantly each year. Which model or theory does this exemplify? A: information processing model Q: To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably? A: sweet Q: Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents’ style of parenting is . A: uninvolved Q: In which of the following two scenarios does Grace demonstrate that she has developed theory of mind? (1) Grace accidentally pops Max’s red balloon. Max is furious and heartbroken. Grace tells her mother “Max thinks I did it on purpose.” (2) Grace and Max play contentedly side by side with their blocks. Max builds a tower and Grace builds two small houses. A: Scenario (1) only CHAPTER 12: Q: Leanne’s father dreads it when her mother invites Leanne’s friends over for cocktail parties and cookouts. He is reserved, uncomfortable with people he does not know well, and prefers quiet evenings of reading. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of his personality is . A: introversion Q: Aiden has always been a bit shy and self-doubting. He tries to start a conversation with the attractive young woman sitting next to him in the physics lecture hall, but she turns the other way and talks only with her friend. Which of the following thoughts is most likely to be running through Aiden's mind? A: “Nobody likes me; nobody will ever like me.” Q: Jim is on a diet. At his office, his co-workers often bring in donuts, cookies, and other snacks for the group. He has done fairly well in resisting the temptations each day. How does he likely feel by late afternoon? A: His mind is focused on his favorite snack. Q: Melinda’s psychology professor told the class to quickly write down five things that complete a sentence that starts with “I am.” Melinda wrote: “I am a sophomore at University of Michigan majoring in international relations. I am on the lacrosse team and continue to be in a relationship with my high school boyfriend.” This is a description of her . A: self-concept Q: The critical finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, Lykken, McGue, Segal, & Tellegen, 1990) was that identical twins raised apart and together . A: were very similar to one another, whether the overall positive correlation for a particular characteristic was strong or weak Q: According to Walter Mischel (Mischel, 2004), if a child experiences a particular situation, he or she will then respond with a unique, stable set of behaviors. These if-then patterns will be characteristic of an individual, leading to the stable characteristics we think of as . A: personality Q: The self does not exist in a vacuum. It both shapes and is shaped by . A: our social environment Q: In Freud’s personality theory, the self that others see is called the . A: ego Q: Ian is a very serious and capable medical student. At home with his mother, though, he becomes a joyous boy again, telling her stories about his classes and professors and making her laugh. This implies that the interpersonal self is . A: flexible and complex Q: Michael grew up in an individualistic culture. He is most likely to . A: move to the other side of the country from his parents to start his own architectural firm Q: Rima has decided to eliminate all sweets from her diet in an effort to lose ten pounds. When out for coffee with her friend Beth, Beth orders a delicious piece of chocolate cake with chocolate frosting and offers to split it with Rima. Rima says “Well, maybe this one time; I’ve read that chocolate is good for your health.” This is an example of . A: rationalization Q: One of the most frequently used personality inventories is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, which was originally designed . A: to assist with clinical diagnosis Q: Of the following, who most reflects self-efficacy? A: Todd, who believes that he can handle challenging situations and obtain future rewards Q: The cognitive organization that helps us think about the self and process self-relevant information is . A: a self-schema Q: Of the following, who illustrates one key contribution that Alfred Adler made to psychodynamic thought? A: Maia, who is ashamed that she grew up in a very poor family, and to hide this, tells people that her well-to-do family always sent her to private schools Q: Where in the brain does self-referential processing -- the processing of information relevant to ourselves but not others -- occur? A: In the right hemisphere Q: Rosa is three years old and very exuberant. Her mother has little patience with her and is most acceptant of her when she plays very quietly by herself. According to Carl Rogers’s humanistic theory of personality, what is the most likely result of this upbringing? A: self-actualization Q: Which qualities best describe collectivism? A: interdependence, cooperation, and lack of conflict Q: As Erin walks to the front of the classroom to write on the board, she stubs the toe of her shoe on the floor and nearly trips in front of her professor. She is so embarrassed. However, her professor is actually thinking about his lunch plans. Erin’s reaction is an example of . A: the spotlight effect Q: According to Freud, what is the resolution of the Oedipus complex? A: Identification with the same-sex parent Q: Dominic is memorizing vocabulary for his psychology exam, including the term “allele.” Which of the following approaches will most help him remember this term? A: He reflects on how certain alleles have shaped his own life. Q: Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories? A: Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively. Q: The text notes that Professor Jennifer Mather tested 44 octopuses systematically for their responses to stimuli such as being touched with a brush. What did she find? A: The octopuses seemed to have unique and stable responses, similar to having a “personality.” Q: To avoid the pitfalls of observation and interview, many psychologists turn to . A: standardized tests of personality Q: Joseph received a C- on two algebra exams in a row. The principal’s office automatically sent him a standard, encouraging email intended to boost the self-esteem of any student who does poorly on two assignments in a row in any subject. According to a research study described in the text, what is the most likely consequence of the email? A: Joseph will do worse on his next algebra exam. Q: The stages in Freud's theory of the developing personality are called . A: psychosexual stages Q: Sigmund Freud’s treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory is called . A: psychoanalysis Q: In Freudian theory, projection is . A: a defense mechanism Q: Elena's brother was diagnosed with schizophrenia when he was in his twenties. Sometimes he reports that his neighbors are trying to control his behavior through the television set. Which part of the brain shows excess activity during such delusions of control? A: the right hemisphere Q: Genetics account for a percentage of the variability seen in the population's personality. What is the source of the remaining percentage of variability? A: shared and non-shared experiences Q: Heather's mother maintains an orderly household. Heather's bedroom at home is very neat, with a place for everything and everything in its place. At her room at college, however, the floor is barely visible underneath the clothing, books, papers, and tea cups. According to B.F. Skinner, this most likely reflects a(n) . A: response tendency Q: Which toddler is likely to have the highest self-esteem when reaching first grade? A: Mario, who plays while his mother and the new babysitter chat, cries when his mother leaves him with the babysitter, and then runs over to his mother upon her return Q: Personality tests are widely used by therapists, potential employers, judges, and attorneys. These applications of personality assessment . A: raise important ethical concerns Q: The humanists are most interested in . A: the process by which personality develops Q: Lia grew up in a collectivistic culture and is in the yearly high school theatre production. She is most likely to . A: be proud of her role behind the scenes that helped the play go smoothly Q: Larry has put off studying for his Medieval Literature class all semester and worries that he will not do well on the final exam. He starts to drink beers and watch sports on TV each night with his roommates. This is an example of . A: self-handicapping Q: Which of the following best describes the attitude of most psychologists today toward Freud? A: They do not adhere to Freud’s theory. Q: Autobiographical and episodic memories are important components of self- knowledge; however, as one psychologist noted, “The past is remembered as if it were a drama in which (Greenwald, 1980, p. 604).” A: the self was the leading player Q: In current psychological discussions of the self, influences on the interpersonal self fall into two categories: . A: a person’s significant others and the social groups to which the person belongs Q: What is the cognitive expectancy featured in social-cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes? A: locus of control Q: What are the two basic requirements of a good test? A: validity and reliability Q: One’s knowledge of personal traits, feelings, roles, and memories is called . A: self-awareness Q: Big Five theory is a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for . A: the majority of individual differences in personality Q: For Freud, what leads to the emergence of personality characteristics? A: The resolution of conflicts among the id, ego, and superego Q: What is the part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily retrieved? A: unconscious mind Q: Research showing that situations can exert a stronger influence on people’s behavior than any individual predispositions highlights . A: the limits of the general trait approach Q: Mary rarely refers to her strengths or accomplishments when with friends, so they have little clue as to her self-esteem. If Mary is among the majority of people, she most likely .