i understand the conversion of monosaccharides into pyruvate during
glycolysis in the cytoplasm including
the phosphorylation of ATP of hexose molecules by ATP
breakdown of glycerate 3 phosphate GP
production of reduced coenzyme NADH and ATP details of
intermediate compounds and other reactions are not required
Fermentation Glycolysis the breaking down of glucose
or
e
KREBS CYCLE A respiratory substrate
is any organic
molecule that is broken down to
release energy for the synthesis of
Glycolysis IETC ATP
INVESTMENT Phosphorylation of respiratory substrate glucose preventing it from
mmmm
PHALE potentially leaving the cell
Requires 2ATP 4ATP to yield hexose 1,6 bisphosphate
PAYOFFPHASE Split into 2x triose phosphate which in turn is respectively
changed into 2 pyruvate molecules alongside 4ATPs molecule
Glycolysis generates hydrogen which is collected to reduc
2 NAD 1
An assemblage
of enzymes in the cytoplasm
of the cells are involved
Overall equation for glycolysis
mummmmm
Glucose t 2NAD t 2ADP t 2P 72Pyruvate 1 2NADH 1 2 ATP 21120 211 1
uses 2ATP
produce 4ATP used later in ETC
net 2ATPS
What is NAD 1
mum
NAD1 is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which is a naturally occuring metabolic
coenzyme found in all living cells A coenzyme being a non protein
compound that is
necessary for the functioning of an enzyme Coenzyme
binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme
Why is NAD
mmmm
reduced
NAD has been reduced ie gain hydrogen Consider 01L RIG which is
reduction is
gain in electrons but in a biological sense we
think gain in hydrogen
Hydrogen is very non electronegative so your hugging its electrons
ie gain its electrons
Electrons come in the form
Ht 2e H i
OR s of
Electron acceptor via hydride transfer tt
, will be replaced
with phosphate
IGlucoset
group ATP
ADP
investment
lucose 6 phosphate 6c_p
the
is y
The
phosphale
fructose b bc Pj
s coming from ATP
the ATPs used 2
ADP
Pter
bisphosphale
Hexose li6 p GC
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
L
T
iephpWeP3C EE Triosephosphalectf
ADP ADP
NAD1 acts a reducing g
app agent since it gains Appt
3
electrons
GHcqaatpg.se sphate GHcqgtpg fh.gr
NAD1 ADP ADP NAD 1
y ATP
NADH ATP NADH
v r
ate Pyruvate
EDEXCEL
NAD
d
redNAD
, Context The structure and function of mitochondria
Role of mitochondria is to deliver a
steady supply of ATP Mitochondria are
oval in shape and has two membranes
outer membrane which surrounds the whole
organelle and inner one
The inner membrane has many inward
protrusions called cristal that increases
surface area and tube likeprotrusions
called tubules It encloses the matrix
space containing mitochondrial DNA
and ribosomes The intermembrane space
is located between the inner and
the outer membranes
The multi compartment structure of the mitochondrion is very useful
for cellular respiration in that it allows reactions to be kept
at separate and different concentrations
of molecules to be
maintained in different rooms
Why does mitochondria have
mummmununurrummmurrummmunn
their own DNA
Endo within
Endosymbiosis symbiosis being a
relationship in which organisms from
2 separate species in a close dependent relationship In the case
of mitochondria the type of symbiosis where one organism lives
inside the other
glycolysis in the cytoplasm including
the phosphorylation of ATP of hexose molecules by ATP
breakdown of glycerate 3 phosphate GP
production of reduced coenzyme NADH and ATP details of
intermediate compounds and other reactions are not required
Fermentation Glycolysis the breaking down of glucose
or
e
KREBS CYCLE A respiratory substrate
is any organic
molecule that is broken down to
release energy for the synthesis of
Glycolysis IETC ATP
INVESTMENT Phosphorylation of respiratory substrate glucose preventing it from
mmmm
PHALE potentially leaving the cell
Requires 2ATP 4ATP to yield hexose 1,6 bisphosphate
PAYOFFPHASE Split into 2x triose phosphate which in turn is respectively
changed into 2 pyruvate molecules alongside 4ATPs molecule
Glycolysis generates hydrogen which is collected to reduc
2 NAD 1
An assemblage
of enzymes in the cytoplasm
of the cells are involved
Overall equation for glycolysis
mummmmm
Glucose t 2NAD t 2ADP t 2P 72Pyruvate 1 2NADH 1 2 ATP 21120 211 1
uses 2ATP
produce 4ATP used later in ETC
net 2ATPS
What is NAD 1
mum
NAD1 is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which is a naturally occuring metabolic
coenzyme found in all living cells A coenzyme being a non protein
compound that is
necessary for the functioning of an enzyme Coenzyme
binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme
Why is NAD
mmmm
reduced
NAD has been reduced ie gain hydrogen Consider 01L RIG which is
reduction is
gain in electrons but in a biological sense we
think gain in hydrogen
Hydrogen is very non electronegative so your hugging its electrons
ie gain its electrons
Electrons come in the form
Ht 2e H i
OR s of
Electron acceptor via hydride transfer tt
, will be replaced
with phosphate
IGlucoset
group ATP
ADP
investment
lucose 6 phosphate 6c_p
the
is y
The
phosphale
fructose b bc Pj
s coming from ATP
the ATPs used 2
ADP
Pter
bisphosphale
Hexose li6 p GC
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
L
T
iephpWeP3C EE Triosephosphalectf
ADP ADP
NAD1 acts a reducing g
app agent since it gains Appt
3
electrons
GHcqaatpg.se sphate GHcqgtpg fh.gr
NAD1 ADP ADP NAD 1
y ATP
NADH ATP NADH
v r
ate Pyruvate
EDEXCEL
NAD
d
redNAD
, Context The structure and function of mitochondria
Role of mitochondria is to deliver a
steady supply of ATP Mitochondria are
oval in shape and has two membranes
outer membrane which surrounds the whole
organelle and inner one
The inner membrane has many inward
protrusions called cristal that increases
surface area and tube likeprotrusions
called tubules It encloses the matrix
space containing mitochondrial DNA
and ribosomes The intermembrane space
is located between the inner and
the outer membranes
The multi compartment structure of the mitochondrion is very useful
for cellular respiration in that it allows reactions to be kept
at separate and different concentrations
of molecules to be
maintained in different rooms
Why does mitochondria have
mummmununurrummmurrummmunn
their own DNA
Endo within
Endosymbiosis symbiosis being a
relationship in which organisms from
2 separate species in a close dependent relationship In the case
of mitochondria the type of symbiosis where one organism lives
inside the other
