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NURS 611-Patho Exam 4 Question & Answers
*Once you receive these documents, please pay it forward by sending to the next student
who requests them. FYI, the material in these documents are NOT to be posted on the Pharm
and Patho Notes FB page.
1. Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?
a. Prostaglandins
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Aspirin
d. Regurgitated bile
Prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and enterogastrones, such as gastric inhibitory
peptide, somatostatin, and secretin, inhibit acid secretion.
2. Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Phosphate
d. Chloride
Sodium. Sodium passes through the tight junctions and is actively transported
across cell membranes. Sodium and glucose share a common active transport
carrier (sodium-glucose ligand transporter 1 [SGLT1]).
3. What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
a. Excessive production of hydrochloric acid
b. Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter
c. Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus
d. Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus
Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, the resting
tone of the lower esophageal sphincter maintains a zone of high pressure that
prevents gastroesophageal reflux. In individuals who develop reflux esophagitis,
this pressure tends to be lower than normal from either transient relaxation or a
weakness of the sphincter.
4. By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?
a. Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine,
usually causing strangulation of the blood supply
b. Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the
blood supply
c. Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus
d. Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to the intestinal omentum,
causing obstruction
A. Intussusception is the telescoping of part of the intestine into another section
, 2
of intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply.
, 3
5. What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction?
a. Vomiting
b. Electrolyte imbalances
c. Dehydration
d. Distention
Distention begins almost immediately, as gases and fluids accumulate proximal
to the obstruction. Within 24 hours, up to 8 L of fluid and electrolytes
enters the lumen in the form of saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and
intestinal secretions. Copious vomiting or sequestration of fluids in the
intestinal lumen prevents their reabsorption and produces severe fluid and
electrolyte disturbances.
6. An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic
alkalosis by causing which outcome?
a. Gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed
b. Excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juices
c. Excessive loss of potassium, promoting atony of the intestinal wall
d. Loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed
Excessive loss of hydrogen ions. If the obstruction is at the pylorus or high in the
small intestine, then metabolic alkalosis initially develops as a result of
excessive loss of hydrogen ions that normally would be reabsorbed from the
gastric juices.
7. What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?
a. Constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation
b. Acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating
c. Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting
d. Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia
Colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting.
8. What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
a. Hypersecretion of gastric acid
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Hyposecretion of pepsin
d. Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori.
9. A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:
a. Stomach
b. Jejunum
c. Duodenum
d. Esophagus
Jejunum
NURS 611-Patho Exam 4 Question & Answers
*Once you receive these documents, please pay it forward by sending to the next student
who requests them. FYI, the material in these documents are NOT to be posted on the Pharm
and Patho Notes FB page.
1. Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?
a. Prostaglandins
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Aspirin
d. Regurgitated bile
Prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and enterogastrones, such as gastric inhibitory
peptide, somatostatin, and secretin, inhibit acid secretion.
2. Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Phosphate
d. Chloride
Sodium. Sodium passes through the tight junctions and is actively transported
across cell membranes. Sodium and glucose share a common active transport
carrier (sodium-glucose ligand transporter 1 [SGLT1]).
3. What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
a. Excessive production of hydrochloric acid
b. Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter
c. Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus
d. Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus
Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, the resting
tone of the lower esophageal sphincter maintains a zone of high pressure that
prevents gastroesophageal reflux. In individuals who develop reflux esophagitis,
this pressure tends to be lower than normal from either transient relaxation or a
weakness of the sphincter.
4. By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?
a. Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine,
usually causing strangulation of the blood supply
b. Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the
blood supply
c. Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus
d. Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to the intestinal omentum,
causing obstruction
A. Intussusception is the telescoping of part of the intestine into another section
, 2
of intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply.
, 3
5. What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction?
a. Vomiting
b. Electrolyte imbalances
c. Dehydration
d. Distention
Distention begins almost immediately, as gases and fluids accumulate proximal
to the obstruction. Within 24 hours, up to 8 L of fluid and electrolytes
enters the lumen in the form of saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and
intestinal secretions. Copious vomiting or sequestration of fluids in the
intestinal lumen prevents their reabsorption and produces severe fluid and
electrolyte disturbances.
6. An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic
alkalosis by causing which outcome?
a. Gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed
b. Excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juices
c. Excessive loss of potassium, promoting atony of the intestinal wall
d. Loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed
Excessive loss of hydrogen ions. If the obstruction is at the pylorus or high in the
small intestine, then metabolic alkalosis initially develops as a result of
excessive loss of hydrogen ions that normally would be reabsorbed from the
gastric juices.
7. What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?
a. Constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation
b. Acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating
c. Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting
d. Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia
Colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting.
8. What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
a. Hypersecretion of gastric acid
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Hyposecretion of pepsin
d. Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori.
9. A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:
a. Stomach
b. Jejunum
c. Duodenum
d. Esophagus
Jejunum
