SLP 456 exam 2
T/F The cause of articulation and phonological speech sound disorders in most children
is unknown. - Answer true
Risk Factors of SSD - Answer -male
-pre- and perinatal problems
-oral sucking habits (e.g., excessive sucking of pacifiers or thumb, use of sippy cup???)
-ear, nose, and throat problems
-family history of speech and language problems
-low parental education
-lack of support for learning in the home
Organic factors SSD - Answer known structural, physiologic, neuromuscular, sensory or
cognitive deficits.
Non-organic/functional factors SSD - Answer -No physical causes, no obvious signs of
organic deficits.
ex., environmental (inadequate speech models, limited speech stimulation, etc.),
psychosocial (traumatic experience, anxiety, etc.) factors, etc.
Obligatory Errors - Answer -Function (articulation) is normal, but structure is abnormal .
-Treatment: correction of structure (i.e., surgery, orthodontics).
Compensatory Errors - Answer -Function (articulation) is changed in response to
abnormal structure.
-Treatment: correction of function (i.e., speech therapy), but preferably after correction
of structure.
Structure integrity of the __________________________ is essential. The structures
include
_________________________________________________________________. -
Answer -speech mechanism
• lips, teeth, tongue, hard palate and soft palate.
Lip characteristics - Answer -Labial sounds, lip rounding sounds.
-Lip size, strength, and mobility vary (still within normal limits) —> no evidence of a
casual relationship
Problems that occur with Lip - Answer -Cleft of the upper lip—> may affect speech
sound learning.
-Short upper lip
--Due to dysmorphology and/or cleft lip repair (scarring causes lip to shorten) .
--Can cause difficulty with labial closure at rest.
--Can affect production of bilabial sounds.
, --Labio-dental placement may be used as a substitute.
Teeth characteristics - Answer -Affects labiodental and interdental phonemes.
-Findings of malocclusion & misarticulation are inconclusive.
-Dental deviations occur more often in individuals with misarticulation, but do not always
cause SSD.
-Starting age 6, slight distortion of certain fricatives and affricates due to missing central
incisors.
Problems that occur with Teeth - Answer -Open Bite
• Due to thumb sucking or tongue thrust.
-Overbite
• Only affects speech if alveolar ridge is too far forward that tongue tip cannot make the
connection.
-Underbite
---Treatment
• Orthodontics
• Surgery: usually after facial growth is complete.
• Speech therapy to correct compensatory errors.
TONGUE: An extremely short _______________ may be associated with __________
—> but not a factor in most children with ___________. - Answer -frenulum
-SSDs
-SSD
Problems that occur with Tongue - Answer • Macroglossia
-Tongue is large relative to the oral cavity size.
-e.g., Down syndrome
• Microglossia
-Tongue is small in size, relative to oral cavity size.
-Rarely causes speech problems unless the tongue tip cannot reach alveolar ridge
• Ankyloglossia (tongue tie)
-Congenital anomaly.
-Lingual frenulum is too short or has an anterior attachment near the tongue tip.
Normal anatomic variations or surgical alternations of the tongue —> limited effect on
____________________________________________. - Answer -articulation and
intelligibility
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders (OMD)/Tongue Thrust - Answer -AKA reverse
swallow or infantile swallow.
-The tongue moves way forward or protrude during speech, swallowing or at rest.
Speech errors related to OMD - Answer -In some children, forward tongue may be
associated with SSD (frontal lisp.interdentalization of /t, d, n, l/).
-"s","z", "sh", "ch" and "j" are produced incorrectly
T/F The cause of articulation and phonological speech sound disorders in most children
is unknown. - Answer true
Risk Factors of SSD - Answer -male
-pre- and perinatal problems
-oral sucking habits (e.g., excessive sucking of pacifiers or thumb, use of sippy cup???)
-ear, nose, and throat problems
-family history of speech and language problems
-low parental education
-lack of support for learning in the home
Organic factors SSD - Answer known structural, physiologic, neuromuscular, sensory or
cognitive deficits.
Non-organic/functional factors SSD - Answer -No physical causes, no obvious signs of
organic deficits.
ex., environmental (inadequate speech models, limited speech stimulation, etc.),
psychosocial (traumatic experience, anxiety, etc.) factors, etc.
Obligatory Errors - Answer -Function (articulation) is normal, but structure is abnormal .
-Treatment: correction of structure (i.e., surgery, orthodontics).
Compensatory Errors - Answer -Function (articulation) is changed in response to
abnormal structure.
-Treatment: correction of function (i.e., speech therapy), but preferably after correction
of structure.
Structure integrity of the __________________________ is essential. The structures
include
_________________________________________________________________. -
Answer -speech mechanism
• lips, teeth, tongue, hard palate and soft palate.
Lip characteristics - Answer -Labial sounds, lip rounding sounds.
-Lip size, strength, and mobility vary (still within normal limits) —> no evidence of a
casual relationship
Problems that occur with Lip - Answer -Cleft of the upper lip—> may affect speech
sound learning.
-Short upper lip
--Due to dysmorphology and/or cleft lip repair (scarring causes lip to shorten) .
--Can cause difficulty with labial closure at rest.
--Can affect production of bilabial sounds.
, --Labio-dental placement may be used as a substitute.
Teeth characteristics - Answer -Affects labiodental and interdental phonemes.
-Findings of malocclusion & misarticulation are inconclusive.
-Dental deviations occur more often in individuals with misarticulation, but do not always
cause SSD.
-Starting age 6, slight distortion of certain fricatives and affricates due to missing central
incisors.
Problems that occur with Teeth - Answer -Open Bite
• Due to thumb sucking or tongue thrust.
-Overbite
• Only affects speech if alveolar ridge is too far forward that tongue tip cannot make the
connection.
-Underbite
---Treatment
• Orthodontics
• Surgery: usually after facial growth is complete.
• Speech therapy to correct compensatory errors.
TONGUE: An extremely short _______________ may be associated with __________
—> but not a factor in most children with ___________. - Answer -frenulum
-SSDs
-SSD
Problems that occur with Tongue - Answer • Macroglossia
-Tongue is large relative to the oral cavity size.
-e.g., Down syndrome
• Microglossia
-Tongue is small in size, relative to oral cavity size.
-Rarely causes speech problems unless the tongue tip cannot reach alveolar ridge
• Ankyloglossia (tongue tie)
-Congenital anomaly.
-Lingual frenulum is too short or has an anterior attachment near the tongue tip.
Normal anatomic variations or surgical alternations of the tongue —> limited effect on
____________________________________________. - Answer -articulation and
intelligibility
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders (OMD)/Tongue Thrust - Answer -AKA reverse
swallow or infantile swallow.
-The tongue moves way forward or protrude during speech, swallowing or at rest.
Speech errors related to OMD - Answer -In some children, forward tongue may be
associated with SSD (frontal lisp.interdentalization of /t, d, n, l/).
-"s","z", "sh", "ch" and "j" are produced incorrectly
