THE WEEK 1 EXAM REPLY FOCUSES ON THE ASSESSMENT,
DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT Q & A DOWNLOAD TO
SCORE A
Delirium is characterized by a.
Disturbance in attention, consciousness, and cognition.
The HALLMARK of delirium is a clouding of consciousness, with an inability to focus,
sustain, or shift attention, as well as a change in cognition, including impairment in short-
term memory, disorientation, and perceptual disturbances.
Diagnostic Criteria for Delirium
A. A disturbance in attention and awareness
B. The disturbance develops over a SHORT period of time (usually hours to a few days),
C. An additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., memory deficit, disorientation, language,
visuospatial ability, or perception).
Diagnostics for delirium
Chest x-ray study, Other Diagnostics, ECG, Head CT or MRI*, Lumbar puncture*
CBC and differential, ESR, Platelet count, Serum electrolytes, Serum glucose, Calcium,
Magnesium, Phosphorus, BUN, Creatinine, LFTs, Vitamin B12, Folate, Thiamine, Ammonia,
Thyroid function tests
Which tool is now the most widely used tool for evaluation of the presence of delirium The
Confusion Assessment Method
Which medication class has long been implicated as a risk factor for delirium,
Anticholinergic medications
,THE WEEK 1 EXAM REPLY FOCUSES ON THE ASSESSMENT,
DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT Q & A DOWNLOAD TO
SCORE A
Treatment of delirium is both- definitive and palliative
Definitive care of those with delirium is aimed at identification and treatment of
the
precipitating causes
palliative care of those with delirium is directed toward- the management of
symptoms, such as agitation, restlessness, and hallucinations.
These medications may be useful in controlling agitation and psychosis,
although there is no compelling evidence that demonstrates improvement in
the prognosis of delirium with their use
Antipsychotic medications such as haloperidol and droperidol
These newer medications may be used in small doses for behavior
management in the short term when patient or staff safety is compromised.
Newer antipsychotics such as risperidone, quetiapine, and olanzapine
These medications are useful in the treatment of alcohol and sedative
withdrawal. Benzodiazepines. The goals of treatment for the patient with
delirium are to, promote recovery, to prevent additional complications, to
maintain the patient's safety, maximize function.
What is Meniere's disease? Meniere disease is a chronic condition of the inner
, THE WEEK 1 EXAM REPLY FOCUSES ON THE ASSESSMENT,
DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT Q & A DOWNLOAD TO
SCORE A
What are the four symptoms characterized by Meniere's disease?1.dizziness described as
spinning vertigo, 2. low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, 3. tinnitus, 4. a feeling of fullness
in the affected ear.
Pathophysiology of Meniere's Disease
Meniere disease involves excess fluid and pressure in the labyrinth of the inner ear that
episodically distends the structures of the labyrinth and damages the vestibular and cochlear hair
cells
Causes of Meniere's Disease--caused by viral infections or immune system-mediated
mechanisms
Clinical Presentation of Meniere's Disease- Early in the disease process-patients have
intermittent attacks of vertigo that last from minutes to hours, often associated with nausea and
vomiting.These episodes are commonly accompanied by pressure in the ear, low-pitched tinnitus
fluctuating in intensity, and unilateral hearing loss
Diagnosis of Meniere disease is based on--clinical criteria and/or response to treatment;
however, it is important to differentiate Meniere disease from other causes of vertigo and
hearing loss
Physical Examination of Meniere's disease should include
A thorough head and neck examination to exclude acute otitis media or another infectious
process, a comprehensive neurologic examination a, On physical examination, sound will
lateralize to the unaffected ear in the Weber test;in the Rinne test, air conduction will be
greater than bone conduction.Spontaneous nystagmus occurs during attacks and may not be
present between attacks.
Diagnostic criteria for Meniere's disease include---two episodes of spontaneous vertigo lasting at
least 20 minutes each, audiometrically documented hearing loss, tinnitus or aural fullness, and the
exclusion of other causes
Diagnostic testing for Meniere's disease include
an audiogram, and MRI to rule out central nervous system (CNS) lesions Laboratory
testing for Meniere's disease include: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), rapid plasma
reagin (RPR) testing for syphilis, serum glucose, and Lyme serologies
DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT Q & A DOWNLOAD TO
SCORE A
Delirium is characterized by a.
Disturbance in attention, consciousness, and cognition.
The HALLMARK of delirium is a clouding of consciousness, with an inability to focus,
sustain, or shift attention, as well as a change in cognition, including impairment in short-
term memory, disorientation, and perceptual disturbances.
Diagnostic Criteria for Delirium
A. A disturbance in attention and awareness
B. The disturbance develops over a SHORT period of time (usually hours to a few days),
C. An additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., memory deficit, disorientation, language,
visuospatial ability, or perception).
Diagnostics for delirium
Chest x-ray study, Other Diagnostics, ECG, Head CT or MRI*, Lumbar puncture*
CBC and differential, ESR, Platelet count, Serum electrolytes, Serum glucose, Calcium,
Magnesium, Phosphorus, BUN, Creatinine, LFTs, Vitamin B12, Folate, Thiamine, Ammonia,
Thyroid function tests
Which tool is now the most widely used tool for evaluation of the presence of delirium The
Confusion Assessment Method
Which medication class has long been implicated as a risk factor for delirium,
Anticholinergic medications
,THE WEEK 1 EXAM REPLY FOCUSES ON THE ASSESSMENT,
DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT Q & A DOWNLOAD TO
SCORE A
Treatment of delirium is both- definitive and palliative
Definitive care of those with delirium is aimed at identification and treatment of
the
precipitating causes
palliative care of those with delirium is directed toward- the management of
symptoms, such as agitation, restlessness, and hallucinations.
These medications may be useful in controlling agitation and psychosis,
although there is no compelling evidence that demonstrates improvement in
the prognosis of delirium with their use
Antipsychotic medications such as haloperidol and droperidol
These newer medications may be used in small doses for behavior
management in the short term when patient or staff safety is compromised.
Newer antipsychotics such as risperidone, quetiapine, and olanzapine
These medications are useful in the treatment of alcohol and sedative
withdrawal. Benzodiazepines. The goals of treatment for the patient with
delirium are to, promote recovery, to prevent additional complications, to
maintain the patient's safety, maximize function.
What is Meniere's disease? Meniere disease is a chronic condition of the inner
, THE WEEK 1 EXAM REPLY FOCUSES ON THE ASSESSMENT,
DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT Q & A DOWNLOAD TO
SCORE A
What are the four symptoms characterized by Meniere's disease?1.dizziness described as
spinning vertigo, 2. low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, 3. tinnitus, 4. a feeling of fullness
in the affected ear.
Pathophysiology of Meniere's Disease
Meniere disease involves excess fluid and pressure in the labyrinth of the inner ear that
episodically distends the structures of the labyrinth and damages the vestibular and cochlear hair
cells
Causes of Meniere's Disease--caused by viral infections or immune system-mediated
mechanisms
Clinical Presentation of Meniere's Disease- Early in the disease process-patients have
intermittent attacks of vertigo that last from minutes to hours, often associated with nausea and
vomiting.These episodes are commonly accompanied by pressure in the ear, low-pitched tinnitus
fluctuating in intensity, and unilateral hearing loss
Diagnosis of Meniere disease is based on--clinical criteria and/or response to treatment;
however, it is important to differentiate Meniere disease from other causes of vertigo and
hearing loss
Physical Examination of Meniere's disease should include
A thorough head and neck examination to exclude acute otitis media or another infectious
process, a comprehensive neurologic examination a, On physical examination, sound will
lateralize to the unaffected ear in the Weber test;in the Rinne test, air conduction will be
greater than bone conduction.Spontaneous nystagmus occurs during attacks and may not be
present between attacks.
Diagnostic criteria for Meniere's disease include---two episodes of spontaneous vertigo lasting at
least 20 minutes each, audiometrically documented hearing loss, tinnitus or aural fullness, and the
exclusion of other causes
Diagnostic testing for Meniere's disease include
an audiogram, and MRI to rule out central nervous system (CNS) lesions Laboratory
testing for Meniere's disease include: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), rapid plasma
reagin (RPR) testing for syphilis, serum glucose, and Lyme serologies
