ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (PE 511 IT)
UNIT - I
, UNIT-I
TOPICS
1. Introduction:
2. History of AI,
3. Intelligent Systems,
4.Foundations of AI,
5.Sub areas of AI,
6. Applications.
7. Problem Solving – State-Space Search. State space representation.
1. Introduction
• Foundation of AI was laid with the development of Boolean theory.
• Invention of first computer in 1943,AI has been of interest.
• AI has been of interest to researchers as they have always aimed to make machines more
intelligent than humans and tried to simulate their behavior.
• Over last six decades AI has grown substantially from simple programs to intelligent
programs such as game playing, expert systems ,intelligent robots, agents etc.
• AI researchers generally uses one of the two basic approaches Top- down and Bottom
up for creating intelligent machines.
Bottom up approach ,the belief is to achieve artificial intelligence by building
electronic replicas of the human brain.
Top-down approach, the attempt is to mimic human behavior of brain with
computer program.
• AI currently comprises of a huge variety of subfields such as perception, logical
reasoning, to a specific task such as game playing, theorem proving ,diagnosing diseases.
• AI is engaged in two significantly different enterprises, namely a science of human
intelligence and an engineering discipline concerned with building a smarter physical
system.
• AI is multi-disciplinary field and is based on the work done in different discipline such as
logic, cognition, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, computing.
• AI program are large and it would have not been possible to work unless there is great
advancement in speed and memory of computers.
2. History of AI
The history of AI had cycles of success and failures but kept introducing new creative
approaches and systematically refining the best one.
• There was no relation between human and machines till early 1950 even though
philosophers in 400 BC had conceived the ideas that mind operates on some knowledge
encoded in some natural language in the same way as the machine does.
• Psychologists further strengthened the idea that humans and other living creatures can be
considered to be information processing machines.
Page 2 of 21
, UNIT-I
• Jhon McCarthy organized a conference on machine intelligence in 1956 and since then
the field was known as Artificial Intelligence.
• In 1957 General Problem Solver (GPS) first version was developed by Newell and
Simon.
• 1958 McCarthy developed LISt Processing Language (LISP).
• Marvin Minsky demostrated that computer programs could solve spatial and logical
problems when confined to a specific domain.
• 1960 STUDENT was developed which could algebric problems.
• 1960 L.Zadeh developed Fuzzy Sets that had the unique ability to make decisions under
uncertain conditions.
• 1960 SHRDLU was developed by Terry Winogard which carried out simple dialogue
(via teletype) with a user in English,about a smalll world of objects.
• 1970 Minsky deveopled Frame theory for storing knowledge to be used in AI programs.
• PROLOG was developed by R Kowalski in 1970.
• 1970 Expert systems were designed and developed to predict the probability of solution
under a set of conditions.
• 1980 Many expert systems were developed by companies such as Digital Electronics
using XC ON.
• New theory about Machine Vision was proposed by David Marr where it was possible to
distinguish an image based on basic information such as shape, colour,edge,texture and
shading of the image.
• 1985 over hundreds of companies offered machine vision systems.
• 1986 Work on simulating human brain started using Neural Networks
• More recently work on Agent point of view has started in AI.
• Agents are viewed to be entities that receive percepts constantly from dynamic
environment and perform actions. So agents can be used in solving any problem which
requires intelligence. Understanding of a problem is embedded in agents and the problem
is solved.
Page 3 of 21
UNIT - I
, UNIT-I
TOPICS
1. Introduction:
2. History of AI,
3. Intelligent Systems,
4.Foundations of AI,
5.Sub areas of AI,
6. Applications.
7. Problem Solving – State-Space Search. State space representation.
1. Introduction
• Foundation of AI was laid with the development of Boolean theory.
• Invention of first computer in 1943,AI has been of interest.
• AI has been of interest to researchers as they have always aimed to make machines more
intelligent than humans and tried to simulate their behavior.
• Over last six decades AI has grown substantially from simple programs to intelligent
programs such as game playing, expert systems ,intelligent robots, agents etc.
• AI researchers generally uses one of the two basic approaches Top- down and Bottom
up for creating intelligent machines.
Bottom up approach ,the belief is to achieve artificial intelligence by building
electronic replicas of the human brain.
Top-down approach, the attempt is to mimic human behavior of brain with
computer program.
• AI currently comprises of a huge variety of subfields such as perception, logical
reasoning, to a specific task such as game playing, theorem proving ,diagnosing diseases.
• AI is engaged in two significantly different enterprises, namely a science of human
intelligence and an engineering discipline concerned with building a smarter physical
system.
• AI is multi-disciplinary field and is based on the work done in different discipline such as
logic, cognition, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, computing.
• AI program are large and it would have not been possible to work unless there is great
advancement in speed and memory of computers.
2. History of AI
The history of AI had cycles of success and failures but kept introducing new creative
approaches and systematically refining the best one.
• There was no relation between human and machines till early 1950 even though
philosophers in 400 BC had conceived the ideas that mind operates on some knowledge
encoded in some natural language in the same way as the machine does.
• Psychologists further strengthened the idea that humans and other living creatures can be
considered to be information processing machines.
Page 2 of 21
, UNIT-I
• Jhon McCarthy organized a conference on machine intelligence in 1956 and since then
the field was known as Artificial Intelligence.
• In 1957 General Problem Solver (GPS) first version was developed by Newell and
Simon.
• 1958 McCarthy developed LISt Processing Language (LISP).
• Marvin Minsky demostrated that computer programs could solve spatial and logical
problems when confined to a specific domain.
• 1960 STUDENT was developed which could algebric problems.
• 1960 L.Zadeh developed Fuzzy Sets that had the unique ability to make decisions under
uncertain conditions.
• 1960 SHRDLU was developed by Terry Winogard which carried out simple dialogue
(via teletype) with a user in English,about a smalll world of objects.
• 1970 Minsky deveopled Frame theory for storing knowledge to be used in AI programs.
• PROLOG was developed by R Kowalski in 1970.
• 1970 Expert systems were designed and developed to predict the probability of solution
under a set of conditions.
• 1980 Many expert systems were developed by companies such as Digital Electronics
using XC ON.
• New theory about Machine Vision was proposed by David Marr where it was possible to
distinguish an image based on basic information such as shape, colour,edge,texture and
shading of the image.
• 1985 over hundreds of companies offered machine vision systems.
• 1986 Work on simulating human brain started using Neural Networks
• More recently work on Agent point of view has started in AI.
• Agents are viewed to be entities that receive percepts constantly from dynamic
environment and perform actions. So agents can be used in solving any problem which
requires intelligence. Understanding of a problem is embedded in agents and the problem
is solved.
Page 3 of 21
