NR 283Patho Final Worksheet (1)
NR 283 Final Worksheet 4
Your Name:
Date
Purpose:
This activity provides each student with the opportunity to review the concepts that will be
covered on the final test. This worksheet can help students better understand the concepts, learn
strategies for mastering this content from other students, and more accurately apply the concepts
to future patient care situations.
Due Date: Due prior to Final Exam Week 8 (there is no make-up assignment available).
Points Possible: 50 points
Requirements:
1. Work with members of your team.
2. Answer these questions by placing the consensus answer of the group in the space
provided. Be sure to indicate the one set of answers that represent those of the entire group.
3. You may use any notes that you have taken in this class session.
4. You may use the textbook, any other book or other resource to answer the questions.
List the sources used after the last question.
Questions:
1. Define pathophysiology.
Functional (physiological) changes in the body that result from a disease
2. Define homeostasis.
Maintaining an equal balance between all physical processes
3. Discuss the terms acute vs chronic. Provide examples.
Acute - short, sudden onset
Chronic - long term, slow, can be
insidious Examples:
Acute : broken bone, asthma attack
Chronic : osteoporosis, asthma
4. Define hypokalemia. Discuss common effects of hypokalemia.
K+ < 3.5 - low potassium
Effects: cardiac dysrhythmia, paresthesia, decrease metabolism, muscle weakness,
fatigue, shallow breathing
, NR 283Patho Final Worksheet (1)
5. Define hyperkalemia. Discuss common effects of hyperkalemia.
High potassium level – K+ > 5
Effects: cardiac dysrhythmias (potentially cardiac arrest), muscle weakness, paralysis,
respiratory arrest, neuromuscular activity impairment, fatigue, nausea, paresthesia
6. Define hyponatremia. Discuss common effects of hyponatremia.
Too little sodium
Effects: fluid imbalance, low bp, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort,
or cramps, confusion, headache, weakness, seizures
7. Define hypernatremia. Discuss common effects of hypernatremia
Too much sodium
Effects: weakness, agitation, dry, rough mucous membranes with dehydration, edema,
increased thirst, ^ bp
8. Define hypocalcemia. Discuss common effects of hypocalcemia.
Too little calcium
Effects: weak heart contractions (leads to dysrhythmias and low bp), increased in
permeability and excitability of nerve membranes, muscle twitching, carpopedal
spasms, tetany (prolonged muscle contractions and spasms)
9. Define hypercalcemia. Discuss common effects of hypercalcemia.
Too much calcium
Effects: depressed neuromuscular activity (lethargy, stupor, nausea), ^ strength in
cardia contractions, interference with ADH function (less water absorption and
decrease renal function)
10. Define normal serum pH, normal CO2, and normal HCO3-.
pH: 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid (carbon dioxide) ratio: 20:1
11. Define Trisomy 21. List three clinical manifestations of Trisomy 21.
Abnormal Chromosome 21 (extra)
1. Small head, round face, flat face
2. large tongue
NR 283 Final Worksheet 4
Your Name:
Date
Purpose:
This activity provides each student with the opportunity to review the concepts that will be
covered on the final test. This worksheet can help students better understand the concepts, learn
strategies for mastering this content from other students, and more accurately apply the concepts
to future patient care situations.
Due Date: Due prior to Final Exam Week 8 (there is no make-up assignment available).
Points Possible: 50 points
Requirements:
1. Work with members of your team.
2. Answer these questions by placing the consensus answer of the group in the space
provided. Be sure to indicate the one set of answers that represent those of the entire group.
3. You may use any notes that you have taken in this class session.
4. You may use the textbook, any other book or other resource to answer the questions.
List the sources used after the last question.
Questions:
1. Define pathophysiology.
Functional (physiological) changes in the body that result from a disease
2. Define homeostasis.
Maintaining an equal balance between all physical processes
3. Discuss the terms acute vs chronic. Provide examples.
Acute - short, sudden onset
Chronic - long term, slow, can be
insidious Examples:
Acute : broken bone, asthma attack
Chronic : osteoporosis, asthma
4. Define hypokalemia. Discuss common effects of hypokalemia.
K+ < 3.5 - low potassium
Effects: cardiac dysrhythmia, paresthesia, decrease metabolism, muscle weakness,
fatigue, shallow breathing
, NR 283Patho Final Worksheet (1)
5. Define hyperkalemia. Discuss common effects of hyperkalemia.
High potassium level – K+ > 5
Effects: cardiac dysrhythmias (potentially cardiac arrest), muscle weakness, paralysis,
respiratory arrest, neuromuscular activity impairment, fatigue, nausea, paresthesia
6. Define hyponatremia. Discuss common effects of hyponatremia.
Too little sodium
Effects: fluid imbalance, low bp, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort,
or cramps, confusion, headache, weakness, seizures
7. Define hypernatremia. Discuss common effects of hypernatremia
Too much sodium
Effects: weakness, agitation, dry, rough mucous membranes with dehydration, edema,
increased thirst, ^ bp
8. Define hypocalcemia. Discuss common effects of hypocalcemia.
Too little calcium
Effects: weak heart contractions (leads to dysrhythmias and low bp), increased in
permeability and excitability of nerve membranes, muscle twitching, carpopedal
spasms, tetany (prolonged muscle contractions and spasms)
9. Define hypercalcemia. Discuss common effects of hypercalcemia.
Too much calcium
Effects: depressed neuromuscular activity (lethargy, stupor, nausea), ^ strength in
cardia contractions, interference with ADH function (less water absorption and
decrease renal function)
10. Define normal serum pH, normal CO2, and normal HCO3-.
pH: 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid (carbon dioxide) ratio: 20:1
11. Define Trisomy 21. List three clinical manifestations of Trisomy 21.
Abnormal Chromosome 21 (extra)
1. Small head, round face, flat face
2. large tongue
