NURS 611 Lehr Exam Review.
Lehr Exam Review
-The most common type of renal stone is made up of calcium oxalate
-Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce referred pain to the umbilicus
region
-Reduce perfusion of the affected kidneys activates the RAAS system which causes constriction of the
peripheral arterioles and that can cause hypertension
-Kidney’s require at least 20-25% of cardiac output
-UTI – Know clinical manifestation’s of UTI. Especially in older adults – confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort are biggest symptoms, can be very difficult to diagnose due to these symptoms.
If any elderly person comes in and their significant other or daughter comes in and says mom was alert
and oriented yesterday and today, she doesn’t know where she lives then that is when you start
thinking possible UTI before you start going down the road of dementia.
-Pyelonephritis – infection of one or both upper urinary tracts – ureters or renal pelvis. Urinary
obstruction of reflux of urine from the bladder are the most common underlying risk factors
for pyelonephritis.
-Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis – condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis.
You can have a viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, or fungal infection. Also, non-infectious cystitis can occur
from radiation, chemicals, autoimmune or hypersensitivity. The cause of painful bladder syndrome is
unknown but, an autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response.
Differentiating symptoms of cystitis from pyelonephritis by clinical symptoms alone is incredibly
difficult. The specific diagnosis is established by a urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical manifestations.
WBC casts indicate pyelonephritis.
-Glomerular disorders – reduced GFR by glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma urea,
creatinine concentration, or a reduced renal creatinine clearance. Acute glomerulonephritis includes
renal diseases which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane. Symptoms include protein or blood in the urine, typically
milder than nephrotic syndrome and in more severe cases these symptoms are also accompanied by
edema, hypertension and impaired renal function.
-Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of 3.0 grams or more of protein in the urine per day.
Hypoalbuminemia is less than 3.0 grams and peripheral edema. Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of
glomerular injury.
-AKI – may be acute and rapidly progressive within hours. The process may be reversible. Kidney failure
can also be chronic so that means it is progressing to end stage kidney failure over a period of months
or years. Levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly elevated; however, changes in the serum
creatinine level occur only if more than 50% of the GFR is lost and are often delayed by more than 24
hours.
-Obesity – BMI of greater than 30. Two types of obesity: visceral obesity – distribution of body fat that
is localized around the abdomen and upper body resulting in apple shape. It is associated with an
This study source was downloaded by 100000848398116 from CourseHero.com on 07-26-2022 00:37:21 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/36935751/Lehr-Exam-Reviewdocx/
, NURS 611 Lehr Exam Review.
increased risk of inflammation, metabolic syndrome (hypertrygliceridemia, reduced HDL, increased LDL,
This study source was downloaded by 100000848398116 from CourseHero.com on 07-26-2022 00:37:21 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/36935751/Lehr-Exam-Reviewdocx/
Lehr Exam Review
-The most common type of renal stone is made up of calcium oxalate
-Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce referred pain to the umbilicus
region
-Reduce perfusion of the affected kidneys activates the RAAS system which causes constriction of the
peripheral arterioles and that can cause hypertension
-Kidney’s require at least 20-25% of cardiac output
-UTI – Know clinical manifestation’s of UTI. Especially in older adults – confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort are biggest symptoms, can be very difficult to diagnose due to these symptoms.
If any elderly person comes in and their significant other or daughter comes in and says mom was alert
and oriented yesterday and today, she doesn’t know where she lives then that is when you start
thinking possible UTI before you start going down the road of dementia.
-Pyelonephritis – infection of one or both upper urinary tracts – ureters or renal pelvis. Urinary
obstruction of reflux of urine from the bladder are the most common underlying risk factors
for pyelonephritis.
-Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis – condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis.
You can have a viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, or fungal infection. Also, non-infectious cystitis can occur
from radiation, chemicals, autoimmune or hypersensitivity. The cause of painful bladder syndrome is
unknown but, an autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response.
Differentiating symptoms of cystitis from pyelonephritis by clinical symptoms alone is incredibly
difficult. The specific diagnosis is established by a urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical manifestations.
WBC casts indicate pyelonephritis.
-Glomerular disorders – reduced GFR by glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma urea,
creatinine concentration, or a reduced renal creatinine clearance. Acute glomerulonephritis includes
renal diseases which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane. Symptoms include protein or blood in the urine, typically
milder than nephrotic syndrome and in more severe cases these symptoms are also accompanied by
edema, hypertension and impaired renal function.
-Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of 3.0 grams or more of protein in the urine per day.
Hypoalbuminemia is less than 3.0 grams and peripheral edema. Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of
glomerular injury.
-AKI – may be acute and rapidly progressive within hours. The process may be reversible. Kidney failure
can also be chronic so that means it is progressing to end stage kidney failure over a period of months
or years. Levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly elevated; however, changes in the serum
creatinine level occur only if more than 50% of the GFR is lost and are often delayed by more than 24
hours.
-Obesity – BMI of greater than 30. Two types of obesity: visceral obesity – distribution of body fat that
is localized around the abdomen and upper body resulting in apple shape. It is associated with an
This study source was downloaded by 100000848398116 from CourseHero.com on 07-26-2022 00:37:21 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/36935751/Lehr-Exam-Reviewdocx/
, NURS 611 Lehr Exam Review.
increased risk of inflammation, metabolic syndrome (hypertrygliceridemia, reduced HDL, increased LDL,
This study source was downloaded by 100000848398116 from CourseHero.com on 07-26-2022 00:37:21 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/36935751/Lehr-Exam-Reviewdocx/
