PHI 105 Practice Exam 2022/2023

inoperable cancer Once the decision has been made to stop treating a patient who has a painful, and wants to die, which of the following courses of action would Rachels consider most morally appropriate? - ANSWER hastening the patients death True/False: All things in the world must be set in motion by something else in motion, according to Aquinas. - ANSWER True True/False: Descartes' method is to try to doubt each and every one of his beliefs. - ANSWER False True/False: Aquinas claims that God is an intelligent designer. - ANSWER True True/False: The first beliefs Descartes doubts are those that come from his senses. - ANSWER True True/False: Descartes argues that God does not exist. - ANSWER True True/False: Goldman believes firmly that if one knows something then one is in a position to state reasons for it or to give reasons for it. - ANSWER False Descartes is trying to establish beliefs that are... - ANSWER stable True/False: Goldman is going to sketch an account of justified belief. - ANSWER True True/False: Aquinas claims that the chain of causes and effects cannot go on forever or be infinite. - ANSWER True True/False: Rachels is opposed in principle to active euthanasia. - ANSWER False True/False: Goldman takes his task to be to explain justified belief in non-evaluative and nonepistemic terms. - ANSWER True Anselm's argument, all of the pieces, are best considered as having what kind of justification? - ANSWER a priori True/False: In 1973, the American Medical Association declared itself opposed to "mercy killing." - ANSWER True What does it mean to be a Christian universalist, according to Lewis? - ANSWER It is to believe that God will save everyone. David Lewis is focusing on what kinds of evils? - ANSWER The evils that God himself perpetrates. Which of the following objections does Rachels make to the prohibition of active euthanasia? - ANSWER It leads to decisions about life and death being made on irrelevant grounds. Descartes brings in the hypothesis that he could be dreaming in order to doubt what? - ANSWER That there are corporeal (or material or physical) things in general. Descartes is attempting to doubt everything he knows because... - ANSWER He ultimately wants to arrive at a certain foundation on which to build the rest of knowledge. According to Goldman, a belief is justified when it what? - ANSWER Is the result of a reliable belief-forming process. Is something for which a person can offer reasons. all of the other options True/False: If Descartes can undermine the foundations of his beliefs, then the rest of his beliefs will also automatically have been undermined. - ANSWER True Lewis thinks that his version of the argument from evil does not apply to what view? - ANSWER deism Goldman mentions "Cartesian" accounts of justification. Goldman believes that those accounts are NOT _____________ for knowledge. - ANSWER necessary True/False: Aquinas thinks that God has to have a cause. - ANSWER False Lewis thinks that theists owe an account of why incompatibilist freedom is of greater value than compatibilist freedom. Compatibilist freedom is defined on p. 234. Question: when I make a choice, what can be said to be the cause of it? - ANSWER Prior psychological conditions and environmental pressures. What point does Rachels intend to make with his example of Jones letting his cousin drown in the bathtub? - ANSWER The difference between killing someone and letting him or her die is not in itself a morally relevant issue. The "most ambitious" versions of the argument from evil claim that the existence of evil is... - ANSWER logically incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent deity. True/False: Goldman treats the term 'justified' as an evaluative term, a term of appraisal. - ANSWER TRUE Descartes assumes (for the sake of argument) that instead of God there is an evil deceiver to try to doubt what? - ANSWER His alleged knowledge of math, figure and number. Descartes ends up finding the first thing that he cannot doubt. What is the first thing that Descartes can't doubt? - ANSWER That he exists. Aquinas' argument from motion, or first way, claims that God is what? - ANSWER an unmoved mover Epistemology is the - ANSWER theory of knowledge True/False: Aquinas thinks that unintelligent things acting for a purpose need to be directed by something intelligent. - ANSWER TRUE Descartes attempts to doubt what his senses tell him by doing what? - ANSWER Doubting his senses generally. According to Lewis, the orthodox story about God's punishment says it is to go on... - ANSWER forever