Anatomy Test 2 study guide questions and answers.

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand cytoplasm is found outside nucleus but inside plasma membrance 00:01 01:33 function of nucleolus is to make ribosomes what is found within the cell's nucleus -chromatin -DNA -nucleolus mitochondria produce ATP if half of a DNA molecule is ACG-TCC-GTA, the complementary half would be TGC-AGG-CAT the material that is replicated prior to cell division is called DNA functions of membrane proteins -receptors for specific ligands -transport molecules through membrane -catalyze chemical reactions -self marker for cell recognition how are phospholipids arranged to form the plasma membrane? double layer with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward eachother mitosis forms two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the mother cell a solution which contains a high concentration of salts relative to the cytosol of a cell is a hypertonic solution the plasma membrane is selectively permeable the ____ are sites of protein synthesis within cells ribosomes for facilitated diffusion to occur it requires a concentration gradient and carrier protein substances can enter a cell against the concentration gradient by ____ transport, which is powered by _____ active ATP exocytosis the process by which cells secrete cellular products into the extracellular environment the sodium-potassium pump located in the plasma membrane does what actively transports sodium out of cells and transports potassium into cells the environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as extracellular during osmosis, water moves toward the highest solute concentration what is transported across a membrane during osmosis? water what process divides the cytosol, organelles, and proteins? cytokinesis most of a cell's DNA is located in its nucleus cytosol is also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) the triplet codes in DNA needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the gene what occurs during the period of interphase known as the S phase ? DNA replication (synthesis) takes place what is the structure of the plasma membrane? phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by simple diffusion cell division occurs during what phase? M phase role of RNA polymerase in transcription RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter and builds and mRNA molecule what happens when a cell is placed into an extracellular solution that is hypertonic to the cytosol? crenation (cell shrivels as water leaves it) transcribe mRNA from this strand of DNA: T A C G G T A G T A U G C C A U C A transcription and translation take place in the _____ and ______, respectively nucleus and cytoplasm before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used for translation into a protein, it must be modified to remove introns, exons spliced together, and transported into the cytosol where does transcription of DNA into RNA occur? nucleus two types of active transport via vesicles are endocytosis and exocytosis apoptosis programmed cell death due to problems in the cell cycle the diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ______ their concentration gradient down the unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is called a ______, the same unit of mRNA is called a _____, which during protein synthesis, is matched by the _____ of tRNA triplet codon anticodon the total solute concentration of a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through a red blood cell's plasma membrane, but water and urea can. which solution will cause a red blood cell to shrink? hypertonic sucrose solution a cell is placed into a 3% dextrose solution. At that concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell. id the concentration of dextrose in the solution is increased to 5%, the cell is now a _____ solution hypertonic cellular swelling is likely to occur when blood cells are immersed in hypotonic solutions though the microscope, you can see cells swimming. each cell has a long tail that moves in a whip-like manner. what type of cellular extension have you observed? flagellum the structure that governs the components of the cell is the nucleus simple diffusion requires a concentration gradient sodium ions are moving with their concentration gradient with the use of a protein channel across a plasma membrane. what type of membrane transport is being used? facilitated diffusion three main parts of a cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm -nucleus active transport processes require cells to use energy (ATP) what are the two steps of protein synthesis that produce a protein from a gene? transcription and translation how many codons are present in the following strand of mRNA T U C G G T U G T U T G 4 organelles molecular machines that perform specific functions for the cell what is required for transport by facilitated diffusion? protein channel what is the tRNA anticodon that is complementary to this mRNA codon: UAC AUG DNA base sequence is A T G C C G what would be the transcribed mRNA sequence? U A C G G C cells lacking lysosomes would be unable to undergo ____ apoptosis a codon codes for an amino acid cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle contain ___ as much DNA as cells in the G2 phsae half after being produced, ____ provides the blueprint for assembling proteins mRNA ____ found in mRNA allow for base pairing with the ___ in tRNA codons anticodons the nucleotide that RNA uses but DNS does not is uracil promoter a DNA nucleotide sequence that signals the beginning of a gene S phase period of interphase when DNA is replicated _____ is synthesized when a portion of a DNA molecule is transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) in ______, the sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of bases in mRNA transcription transcription occurs in the _____ nucleus how many nucleotides are needed to form a codon? 3 proto-oncogenes are ___ genes normal genes when a proto-oncogene is altered by mutation, it becomes an ______ that can contribute to cancer oncogene pre-mRNA contains noncoding regions called introns the three base sequence on mRNA that matches the triplet of DNA is a codon the process of cell division involves the two processes of mitosis and cytokinesis a hormone is a chemical messenger that produces specific responses in only cells with receptors for that hormone if an individual is exposed to external stress the nervous system is capable of responding faster than the endocrine system true chemical signals that affect the behavior of other glands of tissues are called hormones the endocrine system is a system of ductless glands that secrete their products into the interstitial fluid G-proteins are NOT needed to directly stimulate the activation of protein kinase true hydrophobic hormones travel in the blood bonded to ______ carrier proteins most hormone action is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms steroid hormones CAN pass across the plasma membrane without a channel or transport protein true epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the ___ gland adrenal responsiveness of cells to hormones is determined by the presence or absence of specific hormone receptor proteins in comparing the functions of the nervous and endocrine system in controlling the body, the ___ system is better able to respond to changes in the external environment nervous molecules that are produces within one tissue but regulate a different tissue of the same organ are called paracrine regulators water-soluble hormones bing to receptors located within the plasma membrane the effects initiated by the endocrine system are ____ lasting than those of the nervous sytem longer _______ directly initiates the release of calcium ion from the endoplasmic reticulum inositol trophosphate (IP3) the nervous and endocrine system are alike in that they both regulate activities of other systems ____ promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen insulin cAMP activated _____ that activates other enzymes in the ell protein kinase activated calmodulin will, in turn, activate protein kinase melatonin is associated with the ____ gland pineal a chronically high hormone concentration often leads to a ____ receptor number decreased when ions or molecules in the blood stimulate the release of a hormone, it is called _____ control humoral the function of thyroxine (T4) is to increase the metabolic rate protein kinase catalyzes the _____ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm phosphorylation steroid hormones bind to receptors which regulate gene transcription ___ are not an amino acid based hormone group lipids calcitonin is produced by the ____ gland thyroid cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids arranged tail to ta