MIDTERM
1
1. 7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates
2. 17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
a. Oxidative phosphorylation c. Lactolysis
b. Glycolysis d. Passive transport
2
3. 13. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the
cell because:
a. Plasma proteins enter the cell.
b. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during hypoxia.
c. Sodium chloride enters the cell.
d. An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes.
4. 16. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
a. The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.
b. ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
c. The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.
d. Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.
5. 31. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
a. Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related.
P a g e 1 | 20
, b. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP
levels.
c. The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane.
d. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell.
3
6. 6. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
a. Capillary hydrostatic c. Capillary oncotic
b. Interstitial hydrostatic d. Interstitial oncotic
7. 11. It is true that natriuretic peptides:
a. Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
b. Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
c. Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
d. Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.
8. 15. What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage,
and coma in hypernatremia?
a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels,
causing brain cells to shrink.
b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells,
causing them to swell.
c. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the
synapses in the brain.
d. High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water,
causing the brain cells to swell.
9. 16. Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance
c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
10. 17. The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
a. Sodium depletion
b. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
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, c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
d. Lymphatic obstruction
11. 20. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by
shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
a. Oxygen c. Potassium
b. Sodium d. Magnesium
12. 24. It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
a. Anxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
b. A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
c. Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis.
d. More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.
13. 25. Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
a. Hypokalemia c. Hypocalcemia
b. Hyperkalemia d. Hypercalcemia
14. 26. An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids
can result in:
a. Hypomagnesemia c. Hyponatremia
b. Hypophosphatemia d. Hypokalemia
15. 30. Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
a. Interstitial fluid spaces c. Intracellular fluid compartments
b. Vascular system d. Intraocular fluids
16. 32. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
a. Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
b. Inflammation resulting from an immune response
c. Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
d. Sodium and water retention
4
17. 9. Which clinical manifestations would be expected for a child who has complete trisomy of
the twenty-first chromosome?
P a g e 3 | 20
1
1. 7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates
2. 17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
a. Oxidative phosphorylation c. Lactolysis
b. Glycolysis d. Passive transport
2
3. 13. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the
cell because:
a. Plasma proteins enter the cell.
b. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during hypoxia.
c. Sodium chloride enters the cell.
d. An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes.
4. 16. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
a. The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.
b. ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
c. The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.
d. Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.
5. 31. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
a. Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related.
P a g e 1 | 20
, b. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP
levels.
c. The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane.
d. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell.
3
6. 6. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
a. Capillary hydrostatic c. Capillary oncotic
b. Interstitial hydrostatic d. Interstitial oncotic
7. 11. It is true that natriuretic peptides:
a. Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
b. Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
c. Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
d. Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.
8. 15. What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage,
and coma in hypernatremia?
a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels,
causing brain cells to shrink.
b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells,
causing them to swell.
c. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the
synapses in the brain.
d. High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water,
causing the brain cells to swell.
9. 16. Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance
c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
10. 17. The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
a. Sodium depletion
b. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
P a g e 2 | 20
, c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
d. Lymphatic obstruction
11. 20. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by
shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
a. Oxygen c. Potassium
b. Sodium d. Magnesium
12. 24. It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
a. Anxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
b. A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
c. Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis.
d. More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.
13. 25. Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
a. Hypokalemia c. Hypocalcemia
b. Hyperkalemia d. Hypercalcemia
14. 26. An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids
can result in:
a. Hypomagnesemia c. Hyponatremia
b. Hypophosphatemia d. Hypokalemia
15. 30. Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
a. Interstitial fluid spaces c. Intracellular fluid compartments
b. Vascular system d. Intraocular fluids
16. 32. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
a. Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
b. Inflammation resulting from an immune response
c. Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
d. Sodium and water retention
4
17. 9. Which clinical manifestations would be expected for a child who has complete trisomy of
the twenty-first chromosome?
P a g e 3 | 20
