NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
Module 1
Chapters 1-6
1. What specialized function does a muscle cell possess?
- Movement (Contractions of smooth muscle cells)
2. What effect does hypertonic solution have on cells?
- Shriver up, Solution has a greater concentration on the outside of the cell then inside
3. What process are all cells capable of?
- Cellular communication?
4. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
- Interphase – S phase
5. How do cells receive communication from the surrounding extracellular fluid?
- Chemical messages such as Ligaments. (Channel opening and closing can be
initiated in one of three ways: 1) by binding a ligant to a specific membrane
receptor that is closely associated with the channel (for example, G proteins), 2) by
changes in a electric current in the plasma membrane, alternating flow of Na+ and
K+ 3) by stretching or other chemical deformation of the channel.
6. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
- Receptors (synaptic clef)
7. What stimulates the production of connective tissue cells?
- Platelet- derived growth factor
8. Explain hydrostatic pressure.
- (filtration): water and solutes move through a membrane because of a
greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the
other side
9. How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
- By passive- mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
10. Define glycolysis.
- Break down of glucose by enzyme releasing energy. Produces a net of two molecules
of ATP per glucose molecule through the process of oxidation, or the removal and
transfer of a pair of electrons.
11. Explain oxidative phosphorylation.
- Energy produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred into ATP
12. Explain the process of cellular reproduction.
- Repoduction of gametes occurs (meiosis). Mitosis (nuclear division)- Interphase
(G1- gap), sphase – DNA synthesis, G2- RNA and protein synthesis, M phase –
mitosis occurs. Late in interphase the chromatin begin to coil. Mitosis has 4 phases:
Prophase (chromosomes condense, nucleur membrane), metaphase- begin to align,
anaphase- separate (begins when the centromeres split and the chromosomes are
pulled apart, 92 chromosoes and 46 on both sides), and telophase- arrive at each
,NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
pole (new nuclear membrane is formed around each 46 chromosomes. Spindle
fiber disappear and cytokinses causes the cytoplasm to divied into two equal parts.
13. What are functions of proteins?
- Proteins act as recognition and bind units (receptors) for substances moving in and
out of the cell 2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged
particles called ions or electrolytes and specidic carriers for amino acids and
,NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
monosaccharides, 3) Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote
concentration of certain ions, particularly potassium (k+), within the cell while
keeping concentrattions of other ions (Na) below concerntrations found the in the
extracellular environment. They are receptors, transporters, enzymes, surface
markers, adhesion molecules, and catalysts.
14. What role do cytokines play in cell reproduction?
- Cytokines causes the cytoplasm to divide into two equal parts.
15. How is potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
- ATPase induces the transporter protein to undergo several conformational
changes. For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na+ are
transported out of the cell and 2 molecules of K+ move into the cell
16. Define secretion.
- Mucous gland cells can synthesize new substances from substance absorbed
and then secrete the substance else where.
17. What does antidiuretic hormone lead to in the body?
- Is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolality or decrease in
circulating blood volume. Increases water reabsorption
18. Explain plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules.
- Affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
19. Explain mediated transport.
- (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with
receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being
transported.
20. What is hormonal hyperplasia?
- Occurs chiefly in estrogen- dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast.
Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken for reception of the
fertilized ovum.
21. Describe what happens in the cell during a hypoxic injury.
- Reduced the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and promotes tissue hypoxia (CO)
22. Excessive storage of iron causes what?
- Hemosiderosis – common in those who received repeated blood transfusions.
Assosiated with liver and pancreatic cell damage
23. In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of what?
- gas
24. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of what?
- Alteration of cellular ion status, pb exposure alters Ca (pg 66)
25. Explain compensatory hyperplasia.
- An adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. (liver, skin)
, NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
26. What does the loss of ATP during ischemia cause cells to do?
- Causes a cascade of cell membrane problems: swell because of the influx of NaCl
27. Define dysplasia.
- Refers to abdnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
28. What is pathologic hyperplasia?
- The abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur as a response to
excessive hormonal stimulation of the effects of growth factors on target cells.
Module 1
Chapters 1-6
1. What specialized function does a muscle cell possess?
- Movement (Contractions of smooth muscle cells)
2. What effect does hypertonic solution have on cells?
- Shriver up, Solution has a greater concentration on the outside of the cell then inside
3. What process are all cells capable of?
- Cellular communication?
4. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
- Interphase – S phase
5. How do cells receive communication from the surrounding extracellular fluid?
- Chemical messages such as Ligaments. (Channel opening and closing can be
initiated in one of three ways: 1) by binding a ligant to a specific membrane
receptor that is closely associated with the channel (for example, G proteins), 2) by
changes in a electric current in the plasma membrane, alternating flow of Na+ and
K+ 3) by stretching or other chemical deformation of the channel.
6. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
- Receptors (synaptic clef)
7. What stimulates the production of connective tissue cells?
- Platelet- derived growth factor
8. Explain hydrostatic pressure.
- (filtration): water and solutes move through a membrane because of a
greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the
other side
9. How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
- By passive- mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
10. Define glycolysis.
- Break down of glucose by enzyme releasing energy. Produces a net of two molecules
of ATP per glucose molecule through the process of oxidation, or the removal and
transfer of a pair of electrons.
11. Explain oxidative phosphorylation.
- Energy produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred into ATP
12. Explain the process of cellular reproduction.
- Repoduction of gametes occurs (meiosis). Mitosis (nuclear division)- Interphase
(G1- gap), sphase – DNA synthesis, G2- RNA and protein synthesis, M phase –
mitosis occurs. Late in interphase the chromatin begin to coil. Mitosis has 4 phases:
Prophase (chromosomes condense, nucleur membrane), metaphase- begin to align,
anaphase- separate (begins when the centromeres split and the chromosomes are
pulled apart, 92 chromosoes and 46 on both sides), and telophase- arrive at each
,NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
pole (new nuclear membrane is formed around each 46 chromosomes. Spindle
fiber disappear and cytokinses causes the cytoplasm to divied into two equal parts.
13. What are functions of proteins?
- Proteins act as recognition and bind units (receptors) for substances moving in and
out of the cell 2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged
particles called ions or electrolytes and specidic carriers for amino acids and
,NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
monosaccharides, 3) Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote
concentration of certain ions, particularly potassium (k+), within the cell while
keeping concentrattions of other ions (Na) below concerntrations found the in the
extracellular environment. They are receptors, transporters, enzymes, surface
markers, adhesion molecules, and catalysts.
14. What role do cytokines play in cell reproduction?
- Cytokines causes the cytoplasm to divide into two equal parts.
15. How is potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
- ATPase induces the transporter protein to undergo several conformational
changes. For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na+ are
transported out of the cell and 2 molecules of K+ move into the cell
16. Define secretion.
- Mucous gland cells can synthesize new substances from substance absorbed
and then secrete the substance else where.
17. What does antidiuretic hormone lead to in the body?
- Is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolality or decrease in
circulating blood volume. Increases water reabsorption
18. Explain plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules.
- Affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
19. Explain mediated transport.
- (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with
receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being
transported.
20. What is hormonal hyperplasia?
- Occurs chiefly in estrogen- dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast.
Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken for reception of the
fertilized ovum.
21. Describe what happens in the cell during a hypoxic injury.
- Reduced the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and promotes tissue hypoxia (CO)
22. Excessive storage of iron causes what?
- Hemosiderosis – common in those who received repeated blood transfusions.
Assosiated with liver and pancreatic cell damage
23. In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of what?
- gas
24. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of what?
- Alteration of cellular ion status, pb exposure alters Ca (pg 66)
25. Explain compensatory hyperplasia.
- An adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. (liver, skin)
, NRSE 6210 quiz 1 review.ALL LATEST ANSWERED QUESTIONS.
26. What does the loss of ATP during ischemia cause cells to do?
- Causes a cascade of cell membrane problems: swell because of the influx of NaCl
27. Define dysplasia.
- Refers to abdnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
28. What is pathologic hyperplasia?
- The abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur as a response to
excessive hormonal stimulation of the effects of growth factors on target cells.
