tartaric structure
topic I
- what is the definition of atom? =
the smallest quantity of matter that still retains the property of matter
~ basic unit of an element
- what is a subatomic particle? =
the particle produced when a single atom is divided further
- where are these sub-atomic -
subatomic particles -_ protons neurons , electrons ,
particles' charges, and where are ~
protons + I charge ; found in the nucleus
they found? -
neutrons 0 charge ( neutral ) ; found in the nucleus
electrons charge ; found around the nucleus
- -
I
-
atomic number __
number of protons in the nucleus
- what is the atomic number of an ~
because atoms are neutral , the atomic number -_ number of electrons
element? ~
protons determine the identity of an element
- why is the atomic number the
number of electrons as well?
- what is the mass number of an -
mass number =
total number of protons and electrons
element? ~
protons
A-
+
mass number
neutrons =
heucleons
- element
22 atomic number
atoms of the same atomic number , but of different mass number
=
- what is the definition of isotopes? ~
same number of protons and electrons , different number of neutrons
-
atomic mass __ mass of an atom in atomic mass unit ( amu )
- what is the definition of atomic -
lamu = ¥ the mass of a carbon -
I2A-1OM =
1.661×10 -24g
mass and what is its unit?
of the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes
=
represents the average mass
- what is the average atomic mass? -
average mass -_ ( natural "a°bundance)( amu )
/o
°
+
( natural abundance )( 9mn )
alkali metals
- what are group 1A elements?
=
-
Li ,
Na K Rb
, , ,
CS.fr
=
alkaline earth metals
- what are group 2A elements? ~
be , mg.ca/Sr,Ba,Ra
halogens they exist as diatomic molecules
=
,
- what are group 7A elements? ~
Fz , Clz ,
v2 ,
12
gases , they have fully filled valence electrons
=
noble -
- what are group 8A elements? ~
He ,Ne Ar , , Kr ,
✗ e. Rn
a hydrogen atom in ground state =
electrons occupies the lowest energy
-
- a hydrogen atom in ground state level available
vs a
hydrogen atom in excited state electrons absorb a discrete amount of
-
=
energy and moves -10A higher energy
a hydrogen in excited state level
-
principal quantum energy = In Taveragedistanceoftve electrons from
- how are the shells numbered?
,
the nucleus
maximum number of electrons
in each shell -_ 2h2
i.if energy level -_ 6 2×62
~
Shell closest -10 the nucleus -_
first shell maximum no of electrons -_ 72
-
- the subshells within a shell differs =
f > d > P>S IS sub shell
-
filling sequence
ZS2P (
slightly in energy, arrange them 3s 3P 3d
according to shells with most energy 45 4P4d4f
55 b- P5D
to least energy. GS6P
7s
, - what is the atomic orbital? =
a region of space within an electron subshellwrereeiec-ronsaremos-like.ly
to be found
- what are quantum numbers? -
quantum numbers are required to describe the distribution of electron inanatom
- what are the three quantum ~
n =
principal quantum number " ZE
numbers necessary to describe eve ,
/
=
shell number / energy /
an atomic orbital ~ I =
angular quantum number
- SHAPE
- principal quantum number
thesublevelss.P.d.f-teuingustneshapeof-heregionofspac.ee
=
denotes
- angular moment quantum ORIENTATION
Where the electron maybe found
number ~
M= magnetic quantum number ~
- magnetic quantum number =
associated with the orientation of the orbital angular momentum
shell In ) number ofsubshellsinn-hsve.lt subshells * ssubsvells
- number of subsheels in nth shell I 1 Is
=
spherical
* psnbshe.lt
2 2 25 2pA =3 orbitals
that lie @ 90°
3 3 35 3P3d to one another
4 4 45 4P4d4f
- maximum number of electrons in =
pauli exclusion principal
paired
~
orbitals ~
each orbital can hold up -109 maximum OF2 electrons
it
electrons
~
electrons must be off 2. opposite signs .
number of maximum number of electrons
gypsy , , orbitals in orbitals
S 1 It
P 3 Tt Tt Tt
d 5 it Tttttt
f 7 it Tttttttttttt
=
electrons fill orbitals of lowest sub capacity before filling orbitals of
energy -10
- aufbau principle higversubevergyieve.is
3d4p5S4d4p5p6S4f5d6p7S
~
IS ZS2P 353 P4S . . .
- drawing orbital diagrams and = H use a
/ represent anatomic orbital
square box -10 electron configuration :
of electrons
y
.
,- number
writing electrons configuration IS - label the
she "
yg'
subshe , ,
Period
orbital group
=
for orbitals of equal energy electrons will each occupy an orbital before
- hund's rule ,
pairing up
the electron configuration of all elements except hydrogen and helium
-
can be
- noble gas configuration represented using noble gas configuration
'
e. g.
configuration of potassium 1522522ps 35234645
~
=
[ AN electron configuration :k=[ AH45
'
,
- exceptions to the order of electron
t.is?:::::i::::::::i
=
chromium 12=24 ) .
ofdsubshe.us that are half filled CD5 ) -
filling for some transitional metals ~
[ AH45 '3d5
~ [ Ar ) T T T T T T energy level and the electrons occupy the
orbitals singly -10 ease electron electron -
repulsion
- what are the distinct patterns to ssnbshe.MS
1
'
1 ,
Psnb Shells
I
15
,
the electron configurations of the 2 2
elements in a particular group 3
,
dsubshe.MS
I
,
3
4 3 4
5 4 5
6 5 6
7 6
- what are valence electrons =
the outermost electrons of an atom
~
Group 1- A :[ noblegasynsintpj.ua/enceeIec-rons
topic I
- what is the definition of atom? =
the smallest quantity of matter that still retains the property of matter
~ basic unit of an element
- what is a subatomic particle? =
the particle produced when a single atom is divided further
- where are these sub-atomic -
subatomic particles -_ protons neurons , electrons ,
particles' charges, and where are ~
protons + I charge ; found in the nucleus
they found? -
neutrons 0 charge ( neutral ) ; found in the nucleus
electrons charge ; found around the nucleus
- -
I
-
atomic number __
number of protons in the nucleus
- what is the atomic number of an ~
because atoms are neutral , the atomic number -_ number of electrons
element? ~
protons determine the identity of an element
- why is the atomic number the
number of electrons as well?
- what is the mass number of an -
mass number =
total number of protons and electrons
element? ~
protons
A-
+
mass number
neutrons =
heucleons
- element
22 atomic number
atoms of the same atomic number , but of different mass number
=
- what is the definition of isotopes? ~
same number of protons and electrons , different number of neutrons
-
atomic mass __ mass of an atom in atomic mass unit ( amu )
- what is the definition of atomic -
lamu = ¥ the mass of a carbon -
I2A-1OM =
1.661×10 -24g
mass and what is its unit?
of the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes
=
represents the average mass
- what is the average atomic mass? -
average mass -_ ( natural "a°bundance)( amu )
/o
°
+
( natural abundance )( 9mn )
alkali metals
- what are group 1A elements?
=
-
Li ,
Na K Rb
, , ,
CS.fr
=
alkaline earth metals
- what are group 2A elements? ~
be , mg.ca/Sr,Ba,Ra
halogens they exist as diatomic molecules
=
,
- what are group 7A elements? ~
Fz , Clz ,
v2 ,
12
gases , they have fully filled valence electrons
=
noble -
- what are group 8A elements? ~
He ,Ne Ar , , Kr ,
✗ e. Rn
a hydrogen atom in ground state =
electrons occupies the lowest energy
-
- a hydrogen atom in ground state level available
vs a
hydrogen atom in excited state electrons absorb a discrete amount of
-
=
energy and moves -10A higher energy
a hydrogen in excited state level
-
principal quantum energy = In Taveragedistanceoftve electrons from
- how are the shells numbered?
,
the nucleus
maximum number of electrons
in each shell -_ 2h2
i.if energy level -_ 6 2×62
~
Shell closest -10 the nucleus -_
first shell maximum no of electrons -_ 72
-
- the subshells within a shell differs =
f > d > P>S IS sub shell
-
filling sequence
ZS2P (
slightly in energy, arrange them 3s 3P 3d
according to shells with most energy 45 4P4d4f
55 b- P5D
to least energy. GS6P
7s
, - what is the atomic orbital? =
a region of space within an electron subshellwrereeiec-ronsaremos-like.ly
to be found
- what are quantum numbers? -
quantum numbers are required to describe the distribution of electron inanatom
- what are the three quantum ~
n =
principal quantum number " ZE
numbers necessary to describe eve ,
/
=
shell number / energy /
an atomic orbital ~ I =
angular quantum number
- SHAPE
- principal quantum number
thesublevelss.P.d.f-teuingustneshapeof-heregionofspac.ee
=
denotes
- angular moment quantum ORIENTATION
Where the electron maybe found
number ~
M= magnetic quantum number ~
- magnetic quantum number =
associated with the orientation of the orbital angular momentum
shell In ) number ofsubshellsinn-hsve.lt subshells * ssubsvells
- number of subsheels in nth shell I 1 Is
=
spherical
* psnbshe.lt
2 2 25 2pA =3 orbitals
that lie @ 90°
3 3 35 3P3d to one another
4 4 45 4P4d4f
- maximum number of electrons in =
pauli exclusion principal
paired
~
orbitals ~
each orbital can hold up -109 maximum OF2 electrons
it
electrons
~
electrons must be off 2. opposite signs .
number of maximum number of electrons
gypsy , , orbitals in orbitals
S 1 It
P 3 Tt Tt Tt
d 5 it Tttttt
f 7 it Tttttttttttt
=
electrons fill orbitals of lowest sub capacity before filling orbitals of
energy -10
- aufbau principle higversubevergyieve.is
3d4p5S4d4p5p6S4f5d6p7S
~
IS ZS2P 353 P4S . . .
- drawing orbital diagrams and = H use a
/ represent anatomic orbital
square box -10 electron configuration :
of electrons
y
.
,- number
writing electrons configuration IS - label the
she "
yg'
subshe , ,
Period
orbital group
=
for orbitals of equal energy electrons will each occupy an orbital before
- hund's rule ,
pairing up
the electron configuration of all elements except hydrogen and helium
-
can be
- noble gas configuration represented using noble gas configuration
'
e. g.
configuration of potassium 1522522ps 35234645
~
=
[ AN electron configuration :k=[ AH45
'
,
- exceptions to the order of electron
t.is?:::::i::::::::i
=
chromium 12=24 ) .
ofdsubshe.us that are half filled CD5 ) -
filling for some transitional metals ~
[ AH45 '3d5
~ [ Ar ) T T T T T T energy level and the electrons occupy the
orbitals singly -10 ease electron electron -
repulsion
- what are the distinct patterns to ssnbshe.MS
1
'
1 ,
Psnb Shells
I
15
,
the electron configurations of the 2 2
elements in a particular group 3
,
dsubshe.MS
I
,
3
4 3 4
5 4 5
6 5 6
7 6
- what are valence electrons =
the outermost electrons of an atom
~
Group 1- A :[ noblegasynsintpj.ua/enceeIec-rons
