Microbiology final /portage
Microbiology is the study of what - Answer microorganisms/viruses and there biological
processes
What is the smallest biological unit of life? - Answer cell
What is a macromolecule? - Answer a molecule containing a very large number of
atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
What are the 4 main types of macromolecules - Answer proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
polysachrides
What various functions do proteins have in a cell - Answer Proteins may facilitate the
movement of materials in or out of a cell.
Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes.
Others play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - Answer There are two
major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable
characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
What is the plasma membrane and what is it made up of? - Answer The plasma
membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell
from the outside surrounding environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the
movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of the cell, thus allowing a
cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the escape (out
flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids (hydrophobic
hydrocarbons).
What are the three main components of polysaccharides? - Answer Polysaccharides
are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and C6H10O5
(cellulose).
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - Answer
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that
contains the genetic material.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria
or Archaea.
,What are the main morphologies of bacteria? - Answer Bacteria can be described as
coccus (round/spherical),
bacillus (rod),
vibrio (curved rod)
spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
Which group (classification) of bacteria is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions? - Answer Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh
environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures
and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the 4 main classifications of Eukarya - Answer Eukaryotic microorganisms are
classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - Answer No. Viruses are
considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and do
not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? - Answer The cell
membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they
contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic
(water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar
tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water both
outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each. - Answer Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
ER (site of protein synthesis)
Golgi (protein modification and distribution) lysosomes (waste disposal),
mitochondria (ATP generation)
chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
organisms in order to maintain life. - Answer True
True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions. - Answer
False. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction? -
Answer Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis
reaction.
Define catabolism - Answer the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to
form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
, Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair
phases of the cell? - Answer The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition) is
involved in the building up of small complexes into larger complexes.
Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - Answer ATP has
the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a
phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP →ADP + Pi) while ADP can be built
into ATP (ADP + Pi →ATP).
An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a
_________ - Answer Phototrophic microorganism.
An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would
be classified as a __________? - Answer Lithotroph
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process? - Answer
The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the
phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
Identify the products of the following chemical equation:
Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP - Answer The products are to the
right of the arrow: 2NADH, 2 Pyruvates and 2 ATP
What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. FADH2 - Answer C and D. The TCA cycle produces an abundance of reduced
electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the electron
transport system. - Answer False. The products of the TCA cycle (reduced electron
carriers) enter and drive the production of ATP via the electron transport system.
In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as alternative energy
sources? Select all that apply.
A. Lactose
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids - Answer A, C, D can all be used as alternative energy sources.
For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used?
Select all that apply.
A. Ligases
B. Proteases
C. Transferases
Microbiology is the study of what - Answer microorganisms/viruses and there biological
processes
What is the smallest biological unit of life? - Answer cell
What is a macromolecule? - Answer a molecule containing a very large number of
atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
What are the 4 main types of macromolecules - Answer proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
polysachrides
What various functions do proteins have in a cell - Answer Proteins may facilitate the
movement of materials in or out of a cell.
Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes.
Others play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - Answer There are two
major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable
characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
What is the plasma membrane and what is it made up of? - Answer The plasma
membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell
from the outside surrounding environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the
movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of the cell, thus allowing a
cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the escape (out
flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids (hydrophobic
hydrocarbons).
What are the three main components of polysaccharides? - Answer Polysaccharides
are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and C6H10O5
(cellulose).
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - Answer
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that
contains the genetic material.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria
or Archaea.
,What are the main morphologies of bacteria? - Answer Bacteria can be described as
coccus (round/spherical),
bacillus (rod),
vibrio (curved rod)
spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
Which group (classification) of bacteria is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions? - Answer Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh
environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures
and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the 4 main classifications of Eukarya - Answer Eukaryotic microorganisms are
classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - Answer No. Viruses are
considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and do
not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? - Answer The cell
membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they
contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic
(water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar
tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water both
outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each. - Answer Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
ER (site of protein synthesis)
Golgi (protein modification and distribution) lysosomes (waste disposal),
mitochondria (ATP generation)
chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
organisms in order to maintain life. - Answer True
True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions. - Answer
False. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction? -
Answer Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis
reaction.
Define catabolism - Answer the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to
form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
, Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair
phases of the cell? - Answer The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition) is
involved in the building up of small complexes into larger complexes.
Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - Answer ATP has
the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a
phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP →ADP + Pi) while ADP can be built
into ATP (ADP + Pi →ATP).
An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a
_________ - Answer Phototrophic microorganism.
An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would
be classified as a __________? - Answer Lithotroph
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process? - Answer
The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the
phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
Identify the products of the following chemical equation:
Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP - Answer The products are to the
right of the arrow: 2NADH, 2 Pyruvates and 2 ATP
What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. FADH2 - Answer C and D. The TCA cycle produces an abundance of reduced
electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the electron
transport system. - Answer False. The products of the TCA cycle (reduced electron
carriers) enter and drive the production of ATP via the electron transport system.
In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as alternative energy
sources? Select all that apply.
A. Lactose
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids - Answer A, C, D can all be used as alternative energy sources.
For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used?
Select all that apply.
A. Ligases
B. Proteases
C. Transferases
