BIO
Chapter 19
The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
1. describe the functions of blood.
2. describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.
3. list the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
4. explain the origin of blood cells.
5. describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of red blood cells.
6. describe the structure, functions and production of white blood cells.
7. describe the structure, function and origin of platelets.
8. describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis.
9. identify the stages of blood clotting, and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit
blood clotting.
10. explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
11. explain why it is essential to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a
transfusion.
Keywords and Topics
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you
understand the significance of each of the concepts.
1. Describe the functions of blood.
1. blood
2. interstitial fluid
3. functions of blood
2. Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.
1. physical characteristics of blood
3. List the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
1. components of blood
1. buffy coat
2. plasma
1. plasma proteins
2. albumins
3. globulins
4. fibrinogen
5. antibodies or immunoglobulins
3. formed elements
1. red blood cells (RBCs)
2. white blood cells (WBCs)
3. platelets
4. hematocrit
5. polycythemia
4. Explain the origin of blood cells.
1. formation of blood cells
1. hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
2. red bone marrow
3. pluripotent stem cells
4. progenitor cells
5. precursor cells or blasts
6. hemopoietic growth factors
7. erythropoietin or EPO
8. thrombopoietin or TPO
, 9. cytokines
10. colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
11. interleukins
5. Describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of red blood cells.
1. red blood cells or erythrocytes
1. hemoglobin
2. RBC anatomy
3. RBC physiology
1. globin
2. heme
3. nitric oxide (NO)
4. RBC life cycle
1. transferrin
2. ferritin
3. bilirubin
5. erythropoiesis
6. reticulocyte
7. hypoxia
6. Describe the structure, functions and production of white blood cells.
1. white blood cells or leukocytes
1. granular leukocytes
1. eosinophil
2. basophil
3. neutrophil
2. agranular leukocytes
1. lymphocyte
2. monocyte
3. macrophage
4. fixed macrophage
5. wandering macrophage
6. major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens
3. WBC physiology
1. leukocytosis
2. leukopenia
3. emigration (diapedesis)
4. phagocytosis
5. chemotaxis
6. lysozyme
7. differential white blood cell count
7. Describe the structure, function and origin of platelets.
1. platelets or thrombocytes
1. platelets
2. megakaryoblast
3. fixed macrophages
4. complete blood count
8. Describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis.
1. hemostasis
1. hemorrhage
2. vascular spasm
3. platelet plug formation
1. platelet adhesion
, 2. platelet release reaction
3. platelet aggregation
4. platelet plug
4. blood clotting (or coagulation)
1. serum
9. Identify the stages of blood clotting, and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit
blood clotting.
1. clot
2. thrombosis
3. clotting (coagulation) factors
4. stages of clotting (coagulation)
5. extrinsic pathway
1. tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin
6. intrinsic pathway
7. common pathway
8. clot retraction
9. role of vitamin K in clotting
10. hemostatic control mechanism
1. fibrinolytic system
2. fibrinolysis
3. plasminogen
4. plasmin or fibrinolysin
5. anticoagulants
6. antithrombin
7. heparin
8. activated protein C
11. intravascular clotting
1. thrombosis
2. thrombus
3. embolus
4. pulmonary embolism
10. Explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
1. blood groups and blood types
1. antigens—agglutinogens
2. ABO blood group
3. type A, B, AB and O
4. antibodies—agglutinins
1. anti A antibody
2. anti B antibody
5. transfusions
6. agglutination
7. hemolysis
8. universal recipients
9. universal donors
10. Rh blood group and Rh factor
11. hemolytic disease of the newborn
11. Explain why it is essential to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a
transfusion.
1. typing and cross matching blood for transfusion
2. agglutination
3. cross matching and screening
, 4. disorders
1. anemia
2. sickle cell disease
3. hemophilia
4. leukemia
5. medical terminology
1. cyanosis
2. jaundice
3. septicemia
Chapter 20
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
1. describe the location of the heart.
2. describe the structure and functions of the pericardium, heart wall, chambers, great vessels and
valves of the heart.
3. outline the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart and through the systemic and
pulmonary circulations.
4. describe the major features of the coronary circulation.
5. explain the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue and the conduction
system of the heart.
6. describe how an action potential occurs in cardiac contractile fibers.
7. describe the electrical events of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG).
8. describe the pressure and volume changes that occur during a cardiac cycle.
9. relate the timing of heart sounds to ECG waves and pressure changes during systole and diastole.
10. define the term cardiac output, and describe the factors that regulate stroke volume and heart rate.
11. explain the relationship between exercise and the heart.
Keywords and Topics
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you
understand the significance of each of the concepts.
1. Describe the location of the heart.
1. location
2. heart
1. mediastinum
2. apex
3. base
4. anterior surface
5. inferior surface
6. right and left surface
2. Describe the structure and functions of the pericardium, heart wall, chambers, great vessels and
valves of the heart.
1. pericardium
1. fibrous pericardium
2. serous pericardium
1. parietal layer
2. visceral layer or epicardium
3. pericardial fluid
4. pericardial cavity
5. layers of the heart wall
1. epicardium
2. myocardium
Chapter 19
The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
1. describe the functions of blood.
2. describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.
3. list the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
4. explain the origin of blood cells.
5. describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of red blood cells.
6. describe the structure, functions and production of white blood cells.
7. describe the structure, function and origin of platelets.
8. describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis.
9. identify the stages of blood clotting, and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit
blood clotting.
10. explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
11. explain why it is essential to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a
transfusion.
Keywords and Topics
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you
understand the significance of each of the concepts.
1. Describe the functions of blood.
1. blood
2. interstitial fluid
3. functions of blood
2. Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.
1. physical characteristics of blood
3. List the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
1. components of blood
1. buffy coat
2. plasma
1. plasma proteins
2. albumins
3. globulins
4. fibrinogen
5. antibodies or immunoglobulins
3. formed elements
1. red blood cells (RBCs)
2. white blood cells (WBCs)
3. platelets
4. hematocrit
5. polycythemia
4. Explain the origin of blood cells.
1. formation of blood cells
1. hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
2. red bone marrow
3. pluripotent stem cells
4. progenitor cells
5. precursor cells or blasts
6. hemopoietic growth factors
7. erythropoietin or EPO
8. thrombopoietin or TPO
, 9. cytokines
10. colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
11. interleukins
5. Describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of red blood cells.
1. red blood cells or erythrocytes
1. hemoglobin
2. RBC anatomy
3. RBC physiology
1. globin
2. heme
3. nitric oxide (NO)
4. RBC life cycle
1. transferrin
2. ferritin
3. bilirubin
5. erythropoiesis
6. reticulocyte
7. hypoxia
6. Describe the structure, functions and production of white blood cells.
1. white blood cells or leukocytes
1. granular leukocytes
1. eosinophil
2. basophil
3. neutrophil
2. agranular leukocytes
1. lymphocyte
2. monocyte
3. macrophage
4. fixed macrophage
5. wandering macrophage
6. major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens
3. WBC physiology
1. leukocytosis
2. leukopenia
3. emigration (diapedesis)
4. phagocytosis
5. chemotaxis
6. lysozyme
7. differential white blood cell count
7. Describe the structure, function and origin of platelets.
1. platelets or thrombocytes
1. platelets
2. megakaryoblast
3. fixed macrophages
4. complete blood count
8. Describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis.
1. hemostasis
1. hemorrhage
2. vascular spasm
3. platelet plug formation
1. platelet adhesion
, 2. platelet release reaction
3. platelet aggregation
4. platelet plug
4. blood clotting (or coagulation)
1. serum
9. Identify the stages of blood clotting, and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit
blood clotting.
1. clot
2. thrombosis
3. clotting (coagulation) factors
4. stages of clotting (coagulation)
5. extrinsic pathway
1. tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin
6. intrinsic pathway
7. common pathway
8. clot retraction
9. role of vitamin K in clotting
10. hemostatic control mechanism
1. fibrinolytic system
2. fibrinolysis
3. plasminogen
4. plasmin or fibrinolysin
5. anticoagulants
6. antithrombin
7. heparin
8. activated protein C
11. intravascular clotting
1. thrombosis
2. thrombus
3. embolus
4. pulmonary embolism
10. Explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
1. blood groups and blood types
1. antigens—agglutinogens
2. ABO blood group
3. type A, B, AB and O
4. antibodies—agglutinins
1. anti A antibody
2. anti B antibody
5. transfusions
6. agglutination
7. hemolysis
8. universal recipients
9. universal donors
10. Rh blood group and Rh factor
11. hemolytic disease of the newborn
11. Explain why it is essential to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a
transfusion.
1. typing and cross matching blood for transfusion
2. agglutination
3. cross matching and screening
, 4. disorders
1. anemia
2. sickle cell disease
3. hemophilia
4. leukemia
5. medical terminology
1. cyanosis
2. jaundice
3. septicemia
Chapter 20
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
1. describe the location of the heart.
2. describe the structure and functions of the pericardium, heart wall, chambers, great vessels and
valves of the heart.
3. outline the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart and through the systemic and
pulmonary circulations.
4. describe the major features of the coronary circulation.
5. explain the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue and the conduction
system of the heart.
6. describe how an action potential occurs in cardiac contractile fibers.
7. describe the electrical events of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG).
8. describe the pressure and volume changes that occur during a cardiac cycle.
9. relate the timing of heart sounds to ECG waves and pressure changes during systole and diastole.
10. define the term cardiac output, and describe the factors that regulate stroke volume and heart rate.
11. explain the relationship between exercise and the heart.
Keywords and Topics
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you
understand the significance of each of the concepts.
1. Describe the location of the heart.
1. location
2. heart
1. mediastinum
2. apex
3. base
4. anterior surface
5. inferior surface
6. right and left surface
2. Describe the structure and functions of the pericardium, heart wall, chambers, great vessels and
valves of the heart.
1. pericardium
1. fibrous pericardium
2. serous pericardium
1. parietal layer
2. visceral layer or epicardium
3. pericardial fluid
4. pericardial cavity
5. layers of the heart wall
1. epicardium
2. myocardium
