FAMILY AND
COMMUNITY
NUTRITION
Authored by:
ZOHA KARIM
BY: ZOHA KARIM 1|Page
, Eating Disorders in Adolescents (long & short)
A. Anorexia Nervosa:-
Physical signs:
● Onset in early to middle adolescence
● Extremely thin or emaciated (less than 85% of ideal body weight)
● Rapid weight loss
● Loss of menstrual periods
● Development of lanugo-a fine, downy hair on arms, legs, and sometimes cheeks
● Complaints of nausea, bloating, or constipation after eating normal amounts of food
● Fatigue or weakness due to malnutrition.
Psychological signs:
● Feeling ‘fat’ even when emaciated, intense fear of gaining weight or distorted body image.
● Perfectionism
● Refusal to admit that eating patterns are abnormal
● Depression, moodiness, social and emotional withdrawal
● Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, exercise, and dieting
● Low self-esteem.
Food and exercise habits:
● Cooking for others or obsessed about food but not eating
● Possessing in-depth knowledge of calories and fat in foods
● Consuming odd food combinations or large amounts of low-calorie condiments (e.g. mustard,
vinegar)
● Rigidly avoiding specific foods or whole categories of food (dairy, meats, fats, etc.)
● Refusing to eat, denying hunger, and eating tiny portions of food
● Exhibiting ritualistic eating behaviors like cutting food into tiny bits, using special utensils or plates
● Exercising excessively
● Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served.
B. Bulimia Nervosa:-
Physical signs:
● Onset in late teen or early twenties often after weight loss or dieting attempts
● Usually near ideal body weight but often weight fluctuations
● Eats large meals but without gaining weight
● Irregular menstrual periods
● Calluses on the back of the hands
● Dental enamel erosion, cavities
● Fatigue or weakness due to malnutrition.
Psychological signs:
● Alcohol or drug use, personal problems
● Feeling out of control when eating and unable to stop binges
● Feeling uncomfortable eating in front of others
● Realization that eating patterns are abnormal
● Depression, loneliness, shame, and feeling of emptiness
● Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, exercise, and dieting
● Low self-esteem.
Food and exercise habits:
● Purging via diuretics, laxatives, emetics, enemas, over exercising, fasting or vomiting
● Leaving room after eating often to washroom
● Strict diet followed by binging
● Frequent binge eating
BY: ZOHA KARIM 2|Page
, ● Hiding eating from others
● Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served.
C. Binge Eating Disorder:-
Physical signs:
● Onset at any age but often not recognized until adulthood
● Usually overweight or obese
● May have obesity-related diseases such as type II diabetes, high BP, high cholesterol.
Psychological signs:
● Eating to escape from emotions (anxiety, worry, or emotional pain)
● Feeling irritable when withdrawing from binge or trying to diet and feeling sleepy immediately
after overeating
● Feeling out of control when eating and unable to stop binges
● Feeling uncomfortable eating in front of others
● Realization that eating patterns are abnormal
● Depression, loneliness, shame, and feeling of emptiness
● Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, and dieting
● Low self-esteem.
Food and exercise habits:
● Eating to point of extreme discomfort
● Frequently eating large amounts in short time
● Having difficulty exercising because of excess weight
● Trying to avoid physical activity or anything that might call attention or awareness of one’s body
● Losing and regaining weight (weight cycling) or chronically dieting without losing weight
● Frequent dieting
● Frequent binge eating
● Hiding eating from others or eating only small amounts when with others
● Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served.
Dietary Modifications in Pregnancy (NA long)
● Small and frequent feedings should be taken. Avoid fasting or missing meals.
● Consumption of eggs and other non-vegetarian food to meet the increased protein requirement.
● Green leafy vegetables which have non- heme iron and calcium must be included in the diet. Meat,
poultry and seafood which have heme iron must also be included in the diet and heme iron is better
absorbed. Iron supplements may also be taken to prevent anemia and build up iron stores in the fetal
body.
● Fish, flax seed and soybean should be included in the diet to meet the ω-3 fatty acids requirement.
● About 5-6 servings of fruits and vegetables must be included in the diet to meet vitamin C and fiber
requirement and prevent constipation (common problem during pregnancy).
● Fatty rich food, fried foods, excessive seasoning, strongly flavored vegetables should be restricted in
case of nausea and gastric distress.
● Plenty of water should be taken to keep the bowels regular.
● Fluids should be taken between meal times rather than along with meals.
● Minimum 3 glasses of milk should be taken. Calcium supplements may also be taken to prevent
osteomalacia.
● Avoid too much coffee or tea.
● Sugar substitute should be used in moderation due to inconclusive effects on the fetus.
BY: ZOHA KARIM 3|Page
COMMUNITY
NUTRITION
Authored by:
ZOHA KARIM
BY: ZOHA KARIM 1|Page
, Eating Disorders in Adolescents (long & short)
A. Anorexia Nervosa:-
Physical signs:
● Onset in early to middle adolescence
● Extremely thin or emaciated (less than 85% of ideal body weight)
● Rapid weight loss
● Loss of menstrual periods
● Development of lanugo-a fine, downy hair on arms, legs, and sometimes cheeks
● Complaints of nausea, bloating, or constipation after eating normal amounts of food
● Fatigue or weakness due to malnutrition.
Psychological signs:
● Feeling ‘fat’ even when emaciated, intense fear of gaining weight or distorted body image.
● Perfectionism
● Refusal to admit that eating patterns are abnormal
● Depression, moodiness, social and emotional withdrawal
● Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, exercise, and dieting
● Low self-esteem.
Food and exercise habits:
● Cooking for others or obsessed about food but not eating
● Possessing in-depth knowledge of calories and fat in foods
● Consuming odd food combinations or large amounts of low-calorie condiments (e.g. mustard,
vinegar)
● Rigidly avoiding specific foods or whole categories of food (dairy, meats, fats, etc.)
● Refusing to eat, denying hunger, and eating tiny portions of food
● Exhibiting ritualistic eating behaviors like cutting food into tiny bits, using special utensils or plates
● Exercising excessively
● Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served.
B. Bulimia Nervosa:-
Physical signs:
● Onset in late teen or early twenties often after weight loss or dieting attempts
● Usually near ideal body weight but often weight fluctuations
● Eats large meals but without gaining weight
● Irregular menstrual periods
● Calluses on the back of the hands
● Dental enamel erosion, cavities
● Fatigue or weakness due to malnutrition.
Psychological signs:
● Alcohol or drug use, personal problems
● Feeling out of control when eating and unable to stop binges
● Feeling uncomfortable eating in front of others
● Realization that eating patterns are abnormal
● Depression, loneliness, shame, and feeling of emptiness
● Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, exercise, and dieting
● Low self-esteem.
Food and exercise habits:
● Purging via diuretics, laxatives, emetics, enemas, over exercising, fasting or vomiting
● Leaving room after eating often to washroom
● Strict diet followed by binging
● Frequent binge eating
BY: ZOHA KARIM 2|Page
, ● Hiding eating from others
● Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served.
C. Binge Eating Disorder:-
Physical signs:
● Onset at any age but often not recognized until adulthood
● Usually overweight or obese
● May have obesity-related diseases such as type II diabetes, high BP, high cholesterol.
Psychological signs:
● Eating to escape from emotions (anxiety, worry, or emotional pain)
● Feeling irritable when withdrawing from binge or trying to diet and feeling sleepy immediately
after overeating
● Feeling out of control when eating and unable to stop binges
● Feeling uncomfortable eating in front of others
● Realization that eating patterns are abnormal
● Depression, loneliness, shame, and feeling of emptiness
● Excessive preoccupation with weight, food, and dieting
● Low self-esteem.
Food and exercise habits:
● Eating to point of extreme discomfort
● Frequently eating large amounts in short time
● Having difficulty exercising because of excess weight
● Trying to avoid physical activity or anything that might call attention or awareness of one’s body
● Losing and regaining weight (weight cycling) or chronically dieting without losing weight
● Frequent dieting
● Frequent binge eating
● Hiding eating from others or eating only small amounts when with others
● Avoiding social invitations because of food that might be served.
Dietary Modifications in Pregnancy (NA long)
● Small and frequent feedings should be taken. Avoid fasting or missing meals.
● Consumption of eggs and other non-vegetarian food to meet the increased protein requirement.
● Green leafy vegetables which have non- heme iron and calcium must be included in the diet. Meat,
poultry and seafood which have heme iron must also be included in the diet and heme iron is better
absorbed. Iron supplements may also be taken to prevent anemia and build up iron stores in the fetal
body.
● Fish, flax seed and soybean should be included in the diet to meet the ω-3 fatty acids requirement.
● About 5-6 servings of fruits and vegetables must be included in the diet to meet vitamin C and fiber
requirement and prevent constipation (common problem during pregnancy).
● Fatty rich food, fried foods, excessive seasoning, strongly flavored vegetables should be restricted in
case of nausea and gastric distress.
● Plenty of water should be taken to keep the bowels regular.
● Fluids should be taken between meal times rather than along with meals.
● Minimum 3 glasses of milk should be taken. Calcium supplements may also be taken to prevent
osteomalacia.
● Avoid too much coffee or tea.
● Sugar substitute should be used in moderation due to inconclusive effects on the fetus.
BY: ZOHA KARIM 3|Page
