Statistics
Using
Technology
By Kathryn Kozak
Photo taken by Richard Kozak at Dorrigo National Park in NSW, Australia
,Creative Commons Attribution Sharealike. This license is considered to be some to be
the most open license. It allows reuse, remixing, and distribution (including commercial),
but requires any remixes use the same license as the original. This limits where the
content can be remixed into, but on the other hand ensures that no-one can remix the
content then put the remix under a more restrictive license.
2014 Kathryn Kozak
ISBN: 978-1-312-18519-7
, Statistics Using Technology
Table of Content:
Preface iii
Chapter 1: Statistical Basics 1
Section 1.1: What is Statistics? 1
Section 1.2: Sampling Methods 8
Section 1.3: Experimental Design 14
Section 1.4: How Not to Do Statistics 19
Chapter 2: Graphical Descriptions of Data 25
Section 2.1: Qualitative Data 25
Section 2.2: Quantitative Data 36
Section 2.3: Other Graphical Representations of Data 56
Chapter 3: Numerical Descriptions of Data 71
Section 3.1: Measures of Center 71
Section 3.2: Measures of Spread 83
Section 3.3: Ranking 99
Chapter 4: Probability 111
Section 4.1: Empirical Probability 111
Section 4.2: Theoretical Probability 114
Section 4.3: Conditional Probability 130
Section 4.4: Counting Techniques 142
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions 147
Section 5.1: Basics of Probability Distributions 147
Section 5.2: Binomial Probability Distribution 156
Section 5.3: Mean and Standard Deviation of Binomial Distribution 169
Chapter 6: Continuous Probability Distributions 175
Section 6.1: Uniform Distribution 175
Section 6.2: Graphs of the Normal Distribution 178
Section 6.3: Finding Probabilities for the Normal Distribution 181
Section 6.4: Assessing Normality 190
Section 6.5: Sampling Distribution and the Central Limit Theorem 202
i
, Statistics Using Technology
Chapter 7: One-Sample Inference 215
Section 7.1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing 215
Section 7.2: One-Sample Proportion Test 228
Section 7.3: One-Sample Test for the Mean 234
Chapter 8: Estimation 247
Section 8.1: Basics of Confidence Intervals 247
Section 8.2: One-Sample Interval for the Proportion 250
Section 8.3: One-Sample Interval for the Mean 255
Chapter 9: Two-Sample Inference 265
Section 9.1: Paired Samples for Two Means 265
Section 9.2: Independent Samples for Two Means 284
Section 9.3: Two Proportions 306
Chapter 10: Regression and Correlation 317
Section 10.1: Regression 317
Section 10.2: Correlation 336
Section 10.3: Inference for Regression and Correlation 344
Chapter 11: Chi-Square and ANOVA Tests 359
Section 11.1: Chi-Square Test for Independence 359
Section 11.2: Chi-Square Goodness of Fit 375
Section 11.3: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 382
Appendix: Critical Value Tables 395
Table A.1: Normal Critical Values for Confidence Levels 396
Table A.2: Critical Values for t-Interval 397
Index 398
ii
Using
Technology
By Kathryn Kozak
Photo taken by Richard Kozak at Dorrigo National Park in NSW, Australia
,Creative Commons Attribution Sharealike. This license is considered to be some to be
the most open license. It allows reuse, remixing, and distribution (including commercial),
but requires any remixes use the same license as the original. This limits where the
content can be remixed into, but on the other hand ensures that no-one can remix the
content then put the remix under a more restrictive license.
2014 Kathryn Kozak
ISBN: 978-1-312-18519-7
, Statistics Using Technology
Table of Content:
Preface iii
Chapter 1: Statistical Basics 1
Section 1.1: What is Statistics? 1
Section 1.2: Sampling Methods 8
Section 1.3: Experimental Design 14
Section 1.4: How Not to Do Statistics 19
Chapter 2: Graphical Descriptions of Data 25
Section 2.1: Qualitative Data 25
Section 2.2: Quantitative Data 36
Section 2.3: Other Graphical Representations of Data 56
Chapter 3: Numerical Descriptions of Data 71
Section 3.1: Measures of Center 71
Section 3.2: Measures of Spread 83
Section 3.3: Ranking 99
Chapter 4: Probability 111
Section 4.1: Empirical Probability 111
Section 4.2: Theoretical Probability 114
Section 4.3: Conditional Probability 130
Section 4.4: Counting Techniques 142
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions 147
Section 5.1: Basics of Probability Distributions 147
Section 5.2: Binomial Probability Distribution 156
Section 5.3: Mean and Standard Deviation of Binomial Distribution 169
Chapter 6: Continuous Probability Distributions 175
Section 6.1: Uniform Distribution 175
Section 6.2: Graphs of the Normal Distribution 178
Section 6.3: Finding Probabilities for the Normal Distribution 181
Section 6.4: Assessing Normality 190
Section 6.5: Sampling Distribution and the Central Limit Theorem 202
i
, Statistics Using Technology
Chapter 7: One-Sample Inference 215
Section 7.1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing 215
Section 7.2: One-Sample Proportion Test 228
Section 7.3: One-Sample Test for the Mean 234
Chapter 8: Estimation 247
Section 8.1: Basics of Confidence Intervals 247
Section 8.2: One-Sample Interval for the Proportion 250
Section 8.3: One-Sample Interval for the Mean 255
Chapter 9: Two-Sample Inference 265
Section 9.1: Paired Samples for Two Means 265
Section 9.2: Independent Samples for Two Means 284
Section 9.3: Two Proportions 306
Chapter 10: Regression and Correlation 317
Section 10.1: Regression 317
Section 10.2: Correlation 336
Section 10.3: Inference for Regression and Correlation 344
Chapter 11: Chi-Square and ANOVA Tests 359
Section 11.1: Chi-Square Test for Independence 359
Section 11.2: Chi-Square Goodness of Fit 375
Section 11.3: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 382
Appendix: Critical Value Tables 395
Table A.1: Normal Critical Values for Confidence Levels 396
Table A.2: Critical Values for t-Interval 397
Index 398
ii
