NUR 265 – PVD STUDY EXAM SOLUTION
PAD v.s PVD - PAD
• Decreased peripheral pulses
• Reproducible leg pain when walking that is relieved with rest
• Paresthesia
• Loss of Hair
• Skin is cool or cold to touch
• Skin color is pale, dusky, mottled
• Dependent rubor
• Thickened toenails
• Pain in distal portion of extremity
• Pain when extremity is elevated
- relieved by dependent position
PAD v.s. PVD - PVD
• Neurologic assessment intact in legs
• Edema around ankles
• Brown pigmentation of the legs
• Aching pain
• Discomfort relieved with elevation
Peripheral Vascular Disease - Disorders that alter/obstruct the natural flow of blood through
the arteries, veins and lymphatic's of the peripheral circulation
• Normally refers to only those diseases that affect the arteries. These include:
- Atherosclerosis
- Aortic Aneurysm
- Buerger's Disease
,- Raynaud's Syndrome
- Lupus
Cultural Awareness - Because severe cyanosis isn't evident in the skin of dark skin people, to
detect cyanosis assess their skin and nail beds for dull lifeless color.
• The soles of the feet and toenails are less pigmented and allow detection of cyanosis or
duskiness in the lower extremity
Atherosclerosis - • Definition: a form of arteriosclerosis that involves the formation of plaque
within the arterial wall, which leads to eventual interference with blood flow through artery.
leading factor for cardiovascular disease
• Arteriosclerosis: thickening and hardening of the arterial wall resulting in a loss of elasticity.
• Hypertension is primary risk factor
• affects larger arteries - coronary artery beds, aorta, carotid and vertebral arteries, renal., iliac,
femoral arteries or any combo of those
Atherosclerosis Causes of Endothelial Injury - • Smoking, HTN
• Diabetes/Insulin resistance(microvascular damage)
• Hyperhomoecysteine (high values indicate higher risk for stroke & MI)
• Increased C-Reactive Protein (indicates inflammation)
• Dyslipidemia
• Autoimmune process
• Vessel sheer wall strength
• Increased fibrinogen
• Endotoxemia
• Peridontal disease
• natural process of aging
Arterial Blood Flow Causes of Decreased Arterial Blood Flow - • Atherosclerotic Plaque
, • Arterial Spasm
• Embolus or Thrombus
• Changes in Blood Pressure
• Increased Blood Viscosity
Venous Thromboembolism - • Thrombus - a blood clot
• Thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
• DVT
• PE
• Virchow's Triad - Three factors leading to formation of a clot:
- pooling of blood, vessel trauma and hypercoagulation
• Phlebitis - treat with warm, moist pack
• Atrial Fibrillation - most common cause of acute arterial occlusion related to an emboli
• Emboli: most common cause of sudden ischemia
PVD Risk Factors - • Low HDL-C
• High LDL-C
• Nicotine or Caffiene Use: they are vasoconstrictors
• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidemia
• Diabetes
• Obesity - >30 BMI
• Sedentary Lifestyle, Stress
• Age, Gender, Predisposition, Family History
• Cultural - African American
Diabetic Ulcer - • History: Diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, no claudication
PAD v.s PVD - PAD
• Decreased peripheral pulses
• Reproducible leg pain when walking that is relieved with rest
• Paresthesia
• Loss of Hair
• Skin is cool or cold to touch
• Skin color is pale, dusky, mottled
• Dependent rubor
• Thickened toenails
• Pain in distal portion of extremity
• Pain when extremity is elevated
- relieved by dependent position
PAD v.s. PVD - PVD
• Neurologic assessment intact in legs
• Edema around ankles
• Brown pigmentation of the legs
• Aching pain
• Discomfort relieved with elevation
Peripheral Vascular Disease - Disorders that alter/obstruct the natural flow of blood through
the arteries, veins and lymphatic's of the peripheral circulation
• Normally refers to only those diseases that affect the arteries. These include:
- Atherosclerosis
- Aortic Aneurysm
- Buerger's Disease
,- Raynaud's Syndrome
- Lupus
Cultural Awareness - Because severe cyanosis isn't evident in the skin of dark skin people, to
detect cyanosis assess their skin and nail beds for dull lifeless color.
• The soles of the feet and toenails are less pigmented and allow detection of cyanosis or
duskiness in the lower extremity
Atherosclerosis - • Definition: a form of arteriosclerosis that involves the formation of plaque
within the arterial wall, which leads to eventual interference with blood flow through artery.
leading factor for cardiovascular disease
• Arteriosclerosis: thickening and hardening of the arterial wall resulting in a loss of elasticity.
• Hypertension is primary risk factor
• affects larger arteries - coronary artery beds, aorta, carotid and vertebral arteries, renal., iliac,
femoral arteries or any combo of those
Atherosclerosis Causes of Endothelial Injury - • Smoking, HTN
• Diabetes/Insulin resistance(microvascular damage)
• Hyperhomoecysteine (high values indicate higher risk for stroke & MI)
• Increased C-Reactive Protein (indicates inflammation)
• Dyslipidemia
• Autoimmune process
• Vessel sheer wall strength
• Increased fibrinogen
• Endotoxemia
• Peridontal disease
• natural process of aging
Arterial Blood Flow Causes of Decreased Arterial Blood Flow - • Atherosclerotic Plaque
, • Arterial Spasm
• Embolus or Thrombus
• Changes in Blood Pressure
• Increased Blood Viscosity
Venous Thromboembolism - • Thrombus - a blood clot
• Thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
• DVT
• PE
• Virchow's Triad - Three factors leading to formation of a clot:
- pooling of blood, vessel trauma and hypercoagulation
• Phlebitis - treat with warm, moist pack
• Atrial Fibrillation - most common cause of acute arterial occlusion related to an emboli
• Emboli: most common cause of sudden ischemia
PVD Risk Factors - • Low HDL-C
• High LDL-C
• Nicotine or Caffiene Use: they are vasoconstrictors
• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidemia
• Diabetes
• Obesity - >30 BMI
• Sedentary Lifestyle, Stress
• Age, Gender, Predisposition, Family History
• Cultural - African American
Diabetic Ulcer - • History: Diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, no claudication
