Biochemistry WGU
RNA polymerase - Answer Enzyme that facilitates transcription
Transcription - Answer synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Ribosome - Answer Large macromolecular complex where proteins are synthesized
tRNA (transfer RNA) - Answer Form of RNA that is complementary to mRNA.
Has a neucleotide anticodon on one end and an amino acid in the other.
Translation - Answer decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Coding strand (DNA) - Answer The original strand off which the new nucleotide
sequence is based.
Almost the same as mRNA
template strand (DNA) - Answer The strand mRNA uses to make a copy.
Complementary to mRNA
missense mutation - Answer base substitution results in change in an amino acid
nonsense mutation - Answer changes a normal codon into a stop codon
silent mutation - Answer change in DNA that codes for the same amino acid
Replication - Answer process of copying DNA prior to cell division
DNA polymerase III - Answer synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
Needs a primer to start
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Answer Copying DNA in lab.
Used to study/diagnose
PCR needs - Answer Target DNA
dNTPs (deoxyneucleotides)
DNA primers
Taq polymerase (stable at high temps)
Helicase - Answer An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication
forks.
Ligase - Answer An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single
fragment
, Repair for damage to bases from harmful molecules (like chemicals) - Answer Base
excision (removes damaged base and replaces it)
Mismatch repair - Answer Repair for base mismatches due to errors in replication
Repair for double stranded breaks in DNA
(Radiation/x-rays) - Answer Homologous recombination (using sister chromosome as
model)
Non homologous end joining (no model available)
Nucleotide excision - Answer Repair for damage from UV which causes adjacent
nucleotides to fuse together (thiamine dimers)
Amino acid sequence wraps around proteins called - Answer Histones
Histones organize to form - Answer Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes organize to form - Answer Chromatin
Chromatin organizes to form - Answer A chromosome
Complete dominance - Answer When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant
homozygote are indistinguishable.
Codominance - Answer A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant
or recessive.
Both phenotypes are expressed.
Incomplete dominance - Answer when the phenotypes of the two alleles blend
Point mutations - Answer chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene
frameshift mutations - Answer Insertions and deletions
4 parts of an amino acid - Answer Carboxyl group
Alpha carbon
Amino group
R side chain
COO-
I
H-C-R
I
NH3+ - Answer Abbreviated structure (amino acid)
3 types of amino acids - Answer Hydrophobic
RNA polymerase - Answer Enzyme that facilitates transcription
Transcription - Answer synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Ribosome - Answer Large macromolecular complex where proteins are synthesized
tRNA (transfer RNA) - Answer Form of RNA that is complementary to mRNA.
Has a neucleotide anticodon on one end and an amino acid in the other.
Translation - Answer decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Coding strand (DNA) - Answer The original strand off which the new nucleotide
sequence is based.
Almost the same as mRNA
template strand (DNA) - Answer The strand mRNA uses to make a copy.
Complementary to mRNA
missense mutation - Answer base substitution results in change in an amino acid
nonsense mutation - Answer changes a normal codon into a stop codon
silent mutation - Answer change in DNA that codes for the same amino acid
Replication - Answer process of copying DNA prior to cell division
DNA polymerase III - Answer synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
Needs a primer to start
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Answer Copying DNA in lab.
Used to study/diagnose
PCR needs - Answer Target DNA
dNTPs (deoxyneucleotides)
DNA primers
Taq polymerase (stable at high temps)
Helicase - Answer An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication
forks.
Ligase - Answer An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single
fragment
, Repair for damage to bases from harmful molecules (like chemicals) - Answer Base
excision (removes damaged base and replaces it)
Mismatch repair - Answer Repair for base mismatches due to errors in replication
Repair for double stranded breaks in DNA
(Radiation/x-rays) - Answer Homologous recombination (using sister chromosome as
model)
Non homologous end joining (no model available)
Nucleotide excision - Answer Repair for damage from UV which causes adjacent
nucleotides to fuse together (thiamine dimers)
Amino acid sequence wraps around proteins called - Answer Histones
Histones organize to form - Answer Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes organize to form - Answer Chromatin
Chromatin organizes to form - Answer A chromosome
Complete dominance - Answer When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant
homozygote are indistinguishable.
Codominance - Answer A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant
or recessive.
Both phenotypes are expressed.
Incomplete dominance - Answer when the phenotypes of the two alleles blend
Point mutations - Answer chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene
frameshift mutations - Answer Insertions and deletions
4 parts of an amino acid - Answer Carboxyl group
Alpha carbon
Amino group
R side chain
COO-
I
H-C-R
I
NH3+ - Answer Abbreviated structure (amino acid)
3 types of amino acids - Answer Hydrophobic
