BIO 201 - Anatomy and Physiology
In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or... - Answer Nonpolar.
Polarity deals with the _______ of electrons. - Answer Sharing
Each atom can have a slight _______. These dictate how each atom will share
________. - Answer Charge
Electrson
Nonpolar bonds means there is __________ sharing of electrons. Polar bonds have
____________ sharing. - Answer Equal
Nonequal
Endocytosis - Answer What many single-celled eukaryotes use to ingest food particles.
The plasma membrane surrounds/engulfs the food particle.
There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated
endocytosis.
Phagocytosis - Answer Used when the material being taken in is "particulate", like a
bacterial cell or an organic fragment
Pinocytosis - Answer Used when the material being taken in is liquid
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - Answer Used when the material being taken in needs
to be transported across the plasma membrane via receptors. The molecules will bind
to a specific site embedded in the plasma membrane. These receptor molecules are in
a concentrated location coated by the protein clathrin. When enough material molecules
accumulate, the pit deepens and seals up to be incorporated into the cell as a vesicle.
Exocytosis - Answer Opposite of endocytosis.
The process results in the discharge of materials from membrane-bound packages that
migrate to the inner surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then
release the contents outside of the cell.
Protein Denaturation - Answer Changes the solubility of individual protein molecules,
entrapping solvent water into a semisolid gel structure
What is Jell-O a good example of? - Answer The process of coagulation of proteins into
a 3D latticework that entraps water molecules to produce a semisolid gel
How are proteins synthesized? - Answer By polymerizing amino acids.
This occurs by repeatedly forming peptide bonds that link individual amino acids
together into a chain.
,What three features influence the 3D shape of a water soluble protein? - Answer
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Primary Structure - Answer The peptide bond between individual amino acids that
creates a long chain of connected amino acids
These include hydrophilic and hydrophobic projections (that are oriented perpendicular
to the chain)
Secondary Structure - Answer The helix that the protein chain curls into as a result of
hydrogen bonds and other weak forces
Tertiary Structure - Answer Created when the protein molecules fold back on
themselves outside of the helical segments
Putting the hydrophobic portions on the inside and the hydrophilic portions on the
outside
Denaturation - Answer When natural proteins are subjected to physical/chemical
treatment and their structures change
They become "un-native or "unnatural"
What does heating proteins do to them? - Answer Imparts energy to the molecules
This added energy breaks the relatively weak forces that hold the protein together (in
tertiary and secondary structures)
As the heat continues, the protein molecule unfold more and more
The hydrophilic regions are now exposed to the outside of the molecule
Are peptide bonds hydrophilic or phobic? - Answer Hydrophilic
What happens when protein molecules are denatured and unwound? - Answer They
attract water molecules
This traps the water molecules in close proximity to the protein strands
What happens when hydrophobic molecules are exposed? - Answer They become
unstable in aqueous environments
They will then associate with other hydrophobic molecules on other protein molecules
What is the end result of heating proteins? - Answer Water molecules adhere to the
surface of hydrophilic regions and hydrophobic regions dissolve into each other to
provide the energy to retain the structure of the protein
It becomes a large insoluble mass with randomly organized structural framework
What is frying an egg an example of? - Answer Irreversibly denatured proteins resulting
in the formation of a solid gel
The gel entraps water molecules into a semi solid structure
, How does the negative feedback go for thirst? - Answer -Situation: during a hot day,
water is lost through sweat and produces a condition of decreasing blood/fluid volume
-Response: blood (fluid) volume decreases, can also be stated as increasing the
osmolarity (or concentration of solutes) of blood
-Detection: increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
-Trend: the sense of thirst is enhance partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone
-Effect: drinking of fluids reverses the declining water volume
What are enzymes? - Answer Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell
What is the active site on an enzyme for? - Answer Meant to be a specific shape to bind
to substrate molecules
How does an enzyme work? - Answer By binding to one+ specific molecules or
substrates (this occurs at the active site)
This creates an enzyme-substrate complex
What happens when the enzyme and the substrates interact? - Answer The chemicals
bonds in the substrate are put under stress and begin to weaken
This stress aids the substrates in forming into a different molecule completely (a new
product is formed)
After this new molecule is created, it leaves the active site and the enzyme is free to do
it all again
Homeostasis - Answer The body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms
that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
The internal state of the body is best described as a dynamic equilibrium in which there
is a certain set point and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point.
What direction does active transport move a solute? - Answer Up its concentration
gradient
(From low to high)
Facilitated Diffusion - Answer A special carrier protein (with a central channel) acts as a
selective corridor which helps molecules move across the membrane
These carriers only bind to a specific molecule
How does facilitated diffusion work? - Answer When a molecule binds to the carrier
protein, the protein changes shape and moves the molecule down the concentration
gradient
How is facilitated diffusion similar to simple diffusion? - Answer Both move molecules
down their concentration gradient without any input of energy
In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or... - Answer Nonpolar.
Polarity deals with the _______ of electrons. - Answer Sharing
Each atom can have a slight _______. These dictate how each atom will share
________. - Answer Charge
Electrson
Nonpolar bonds means there is __________ sharing of electrons. Polar bonds have
____________ sharing. - Answer Equal
Nonequal
Endocytosis - Answer What many single-celled eukaryotes use to ingest food particles.
The plasma membrane surrounds/engulfs the food particle.
There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated
endocytosis.
Phagocytosis - Answer Used when the material being taken in is "particulate", like a
bacterial cell or an organic fragment
Pinocytosis - Answer Used when the material being taken in is liquid
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - Answer Used when the material being taken in needs
to be transported across the plasma membrane via receptors. The molecules will bind
to a specific site embedded in the plasma membrane. These receptor molecules are in
a concentrated location coated by the protein clathrin. When enough material molecules
accumulate, the pit deepens and seals up to be incorporated into the cell as a vesicle.
Exocytosis - Answer Opposite of endocytosis.
The process results in the discharge of materials from membrane-bound packages that
migrate to the inner surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then
release the contents outside of the cell.
Protein Denaturation - Answer Changes the solubility of individual protein molecules,
entrapping solvent water into a semisolid gel structure
What is Jell-O a good example of? - Answer The process of coagulation of proteins into
a 3D latticework that entraps water molecules to produce a semisolid gel
How are proteins synthesized? - Answer By polymerizing amino acids.
This occurs by repeatedly forming peptide bonds that link individual amino acids
together into a chain.
,What three features influence the 3D shape of a water soluble protein? - Answer
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Primary Structure - Answer The peptide bond between individual amino acids that
creates a long chain of connected amino acids
These include hydrophilic and hydrophobic projections (that are oriented perpendicular
to the chain)
Secondary Structure - Answer The helix that the protein chain curls into as a result of
hydrogen bonds and other weak forces
Tertiary Structure - Answer Created when the protein molecules fold back on
themselves outside of the helical segments
Putting the hydrophobic portions on the inside and the hydrophilic portions on the
outside
Denaturation - Answer When natural proteins are subjected to physical/chemical
treatment and their structures change
They become "un-native or "unnatural"
What does heating proteins do to them? - Answer Imparts energy to the molecules
This added energy breaks the relatively weak forces that hold the protein together (in
tertiary and secondary structures)
As the heat continues, the protein molecule unfold more and more
The hydrophilic regions are now exposed to the outside of the molecule
Are peptide bonds hydrophilic or phobic? - Answer Hydrophilic
What happens when protein molecules are denatured and unwound? - Answer They
attract water molecules
This traps the water molecules in close proximity to the protein strands
What happens when hydrophobic molecules are exposed? - Answer They become
unstable in aqueous environments
They will then associate with other hydrophobic molecules on other protein molecules
What is the end result of heating proteins? - Answer Water molecules adhere to the
surface of hydrophilic regions and hydrophobic regions dissolve into each other to
provide the energy to retain the structure of the protein
It becomes a large insoluble mass with randomly organized structural framework
What is frying an egg an example of? - Answer Irreversibly denatured proteins resulting
in the formation of a solid gel
The gel entraps water molecules into a semi solid structure
, How does the negative feedback go for thirst? - Answer -Situation: during a hot day,
water is lost through sweat and produces a condition of decreasing blood/fluid volume
-Response: blood (fluid) volume decreases, can also be stated as increasing the
osmolarity (or concentration of solutes) of blood
-Detection: increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
-Trend: the sense of thirst is enhance partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone
-Effect: drinking of fluids reverses the declining water volume
What are enzymes? - Answer Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell
What is the active site on an enzyme for? - Answer Meant to be a specific shape to bind
to substrate molecules
How does an enzyme work? - Answer By binding to one+ specific molecules or
substrates (this occurs at the active site)
This creates an enzyme-substrate complex
What happens when the enzyme and the substrates interact? - Answer The chemicals
bonds in the substrate are put under stress and begin to weaken
This stress aids the substrates in forming into a different molecule completely (a new
product is formed)
After this new molecule is created, it leaves the active site and the enzyme is free to do
it all again
Homeostasis - Answer The body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms
that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
The internal state of the body is best described as a dynamic equilibrium in which there
is a certain set point and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point.
What direction does active transport move a solute? - Answer Up its concentration
gradient
(From low to high)
Facilitated Diffusion - Answer A special carrier protein (with a central channel) acts as a
selective corridor which helps molecules move across the membrane
These carriers only bind to a specific molecule
How does facilitated diffusion work? - Answer When a molecule binds to the carrier
protein, the protein changes shape and moves the molecule down the concentration
gradient
How is facilitated diffusion similar to simple diffusion? - Answer Both move molecules
down their concentration gradient without any input of energy
