HESI A2 V3 (READING,GRAMMAR,MATH,BIOLOGY & ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021.2022)

HESI A2 (READING,GRAMMAR,MATH,BIOLOGY & ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021.2022) HESI A2 READING Food away from home (FAFH) has been associated with poor diet quality in many studies. It is difficult, however, to measure the effect of FAFH on diet quality since many unobserved factors, such as food preferences and time constraints, influence not just our choice of where to eat, but also the nutritional quality of what we eat. Using data from 1994-96 and 2003-04, this study applies fixed-effects estimation to control for such unobservable influences and finds that, for the average adult, FAFH increases daily caloric intake and reduces diet quality. The effects vary depending on which meals are consumed away from home. On average, breakfast away from home decreases the number of servings of whole grains and dairy consumed per 1,000 calories and increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. Dinner away from home reduces the number of servings of vegetables consumed per 1,000 calories for the average adult. Breakfast and lunch away from home increase calories from saturated fat and So FAAS on average more among dieters than among non- dieters. Some of the overall negative dietary effects decreased between 1994-96 and 2003-04, including those on whole grain, sodium, and vegetable consumption. Which meal(s) eaten away from home have worse results for dieters than for non-dieters? A. The article doesn’t state which meal is the worse for non-dieters B. Dinner eaten away from home is worse because people consume fewer whole grains and vegetables. C. Breakfast eaten away from home is worse because it increases the percent of calories from saturated and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (So FAAS) in a day. D. Breakfast and lunch eaten away from home are worse because they increase the percent of calories from saturated fats. Why is it difficult to measure the effect of food away from home on diet quality? A. People eat out too much, so it is not possible to collect accurate data. B. Researchers are unable to assess the nutritional quality of people’s diets. C. Peoples’ food preferences are too complex and may even be unmeasurable. D. Too many unknown variables affect the data. Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Eating breakfast away from home can result in an increase in fatty protein consumption. B. Eating food away from home is connected to bad food choices. C. In general, people who eat breakfast away from home consume more calories. D. Eating dinner away from home results in less vegetable consumption. What is the meaning of the word “associated” in the first paragraph? A. Specialized B. Predated C. Connected D. Obfuscated A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. A DNA molecule is 2 nanometers in diameter. Protein molecules are about 10 nanometers in diameter. A human hair is 100,000 nanometers in diameter. But what is a nanometer and how does it relate to technology? Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, a scale at which unique properties of materials emerge that can be used to develop novel technologies and products. At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ from the properties of matter either at smaller scales, such as atoms, or at larger scales that we use in everyday life such as millimeters or inches. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter only a few nanometers in size. Gold nanoparticles are made of the same material as in jewelry. But when light interacts with particles of gold, different colors are reflected. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. Metals such as copper become extremely rigid at the nanoscale, rather than bendable as in copper wires seen in everyday use. What is the major difference between matter at the nanoscale and matter at larger scales such as millimeters or inches? A. At the nanoscale, metals are bendable, and at larger scales they are rigid. B. Matter has different and special characteristics at the nanoscale. C. At the nanoscale, matter has the same properties as matter at the atomic level. D. There is no difference. Which claim from the passage best describes the benefits of nanotechnology? A. Scientists can develop novel technologies and products. B. Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. C. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease. D. Unique properties of materials emerge. What is the author’s primary purpose in writing this essay? A. To explain how to utilize the nanoscale B. To review the conversion between the nanoscale and nanotechnology C. To advocate for the usage of more nanotechnology D. To describe nanotechnology and what it is Researchers have developed a recording device that essentially melts into place, snugly fitting to the brain's surface. This new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. Currently, the simplest devices for recording from the brain are needle-like electrodes that can penetrate into brain tissue. More state-of-the-art devices, called micro-electrode arrays, consist of dozens of semi-flexible wire electrodes. These are usually fixed to rigid silicon grids that don't conform to the brain's shape. An ideal recording device would conform to complex curved surfaces while placing minimal stress on the tissue. The scientists chose silk as their base material because it is flexible and durable enough to withstand manipulation. The team reported that they were able to create ultrathin flexible implants that hug the brain like shrink wrap, collapsing into its grooves and stretching over its rounded surfaces. The silk base dissolves once it makes contact with the brain, allowing the array to end up tightly hugging the brain. They found that the ultrathin arrays they created can record brain activity more faithfully than thicker implants embedded with similar electronics. Which sentence best summarizes the benefits of the new silk technology? A. The new technology allows for closer interaction between machines and living tissue, paving the way for more advanced implantable devices. B. These implants have the potential to maximize the contact between electrodes and brain tissue, while minimizing damage to the brain. C. They could provide a platform for a range of devices with applications in epilepsy, spinal cord injuries, and other neurological disorders. D. The arrays could potentially read the complex signals in the brain that direct movement, and then route those signals to healthy muscles or prosthetic devices. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the silk brain recording device? A. Durability B. Flexibility C. Different rates of dissolution D. Needle – like electrodes Neurologists and biological psychologists have witnessed a sharp increase in the knowledge and understanding of particular structures of the brain over the past two decades. As technology becomes ever more advanced, scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. One noteworthy discovery is the role of the amygdala in human fear and aggression. The amygdala, a small, almond-shaped conglomerate, is just one part of the limbic system. Located at the very center of the brain, the limbic system is the core of our 'emotional brain;' each individual structure in the limbic system is somehow connected to an aspect of human emotion. Scientists have found that electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme and aggressive acts. Patients or experimental subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. In other words, this aggression is wholly attributable to electrode stimulation. On the other hand, patients with trauma or damage to this structure exhibit a complete absence of aggression. Researchers find that no amount of poking, prodding or harassment will evoke even remotely aggressive responses from these subjects. The author suggests that persistent passivity and imperturbability may be a direct result of which of the following? A. Drug-induced stimulation of the amygdala. B. A stroke that resulted in severe tissue damage in the limbic system C. Encephalitis as a result of head trauma D. Activation of a strategically implanted electrode in a patient’s amygdala. Which statement is not listed as a detail within the passage? A. Electrode stimulation of the amygdala can elicit extreme aggressive acts. B. Scientists are able to isolate the functions of even small regions of the human brain. C. Typically, temperamental rhesus monkeys with amygdala damage are completely imperturbable. D. Subjects who experience this utter rage and fearlessness have no rational foundation for their reaction. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The human brain is as complex as it is mysterious. B. Patients with damaged amygdalas are less aggressive than individuals with healthy ones. C. Electrode stimulation is a valuable tool for researchers who study the human brain. D. Scientists have learned a lot about how the amygdala affects human emotion. The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes, while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in which, because the lens of the eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself. In the context of the passage, “accommodate” means to A. Arrange lodging for B. Contain C. Make allowances for D. Excuse The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements relating corrective lenses and aging eyes? A. A dancer with a broken bone needs a cast to protect it. B. A hiker reinforces a fraying backpack strap with duct tape. C. A traveler gets a passport before going abroad. D. An athlete stretches before a game to avoid a potential injury. What was the author’s primary purpose for writing this essay? A. To define what presbyopia is B. To describe how eyes age and the function of corrective lens C. To compare and contrast nearsightedness with farsightedness D. To review the anatomy of the human eye Alfalfa thrives on land which contains lime, and gives poor results when this ingredient is deficient. The explanation is simple: there is a community of interest between the very low microscopic animal life, known as bacteria, and plant life, generally. In every ounce of soil there are millions of these living germs which have their allotted work to do, and they thrive best in soils containing lime. If one digs up a root of alfalfa (it need not be an old plant, the youngest plant will show the same peculiarity), and care is taken in exposing the root (perhaps the best method is the washing away of the surrounding earth by water), some small nodules attached to the fine, hair-like roots are easily distinguished with the naked eye. These nodules are the home of a teeming, microscopic, industrious population, who perform their allotted work with the silent, persistent energy so often displayed in nature. Which of the following is an accurate paraphrasing of the underlined phrase? A. Many people are intrigued by the relationship between bacteria and plant life. B. Bacteria and alfalfa plants have a symbiotic relationship. C. Bacteria in alfalfa is worth studying. D. The gardening community is very invested in the bacteria found in alfalfa. In the context in which it appears, “naked” most nearly means which of the following? A. Nude B. Opaque C. Unaided D. Reflective Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? A. A 1 month – old alfalfa plant will have more bacteria than a 5 month – old plant. B. A soil without lime will not grow bacteria. C. Bacteria located inside the root nodules. D. A 3 month – old alfalfa plant will have more bacteria than a one – year old plant. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about bacteria? A. Baacteria feeds on lime. B. Bacteria is visible to the human eye. C. Bacteria is compact by nature. D. Bacteria is a plant, not an animal. The Bicycle V2 Today, bicycles are so common that it’s hard to believe they haven’t always been around. But two hundred years ago, bicycles didn’t even exist, and the first bicycle, invented in Germany in 1818, was nothing like our bicycles today. It was made of wood and didn’t even have pedals. Since then, however, numerous innovations and improvements in design have made the bicycle one of the most popular means of recreation and transportation around the world. In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, dramatically improved upon the original bicycle design. Macmillan’s machine had tires with iron rims to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot – operated cranks like pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn’t look much like a modern bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. In 1861, the French Michaux brothers took Highlight the passage. Which word and idea should be underlined? The main idea of this passage is best explained in which sentence? o Sentence (1): Today, bicycles are so common that it’s hard to believe they haven’t always been around. o Sentence (13): It wasn’t until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. o Sentence (4): Since then, however, numerous innovations and improvements in design made the bicycle one of the most popular means of recreation and transportation around the world. o Sentence (18): Today they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? o Bicycles are better o A ride through the history of bicycles o Cycle your way to fitness o The popularity of bicycles Sentence (8); It didn’t look much like a modern bicycle, through because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel, “follows which pattern? o Fact, fact o Fact, opinion o Opinion, fact o Opinion, opinion Macmillan added iron rims to the tires of his bicycle to…. o Add wight to the bicycle o Makes the tires last longer o Makes the ride less bumpy o Makes the ride less tiring Initially, scientists suspected a high dietary calcium intake of increasing the risk of kidney stones. A high intake of calcium, however, reduces the urinary excretion of oxalate, which is thought to lower the risk. As a result, the concept that a higher dietary calcium intake increases the risk of kidney stones, and the mechanism underlying their formation, required examination. Stanford researchers studied the relationship between dietary calcium intake and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones in a cohort of 35,119 men ranging in age from 40 to 75 years old who had no history of kidney stones. Dietary calcium was measured by means of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1998. During four years of follow-up, 535 cases of kidney stones were documented by Life Work analysts. After adjustment for age, dietary calcium intake was inversely associated with the risk of stones; in fact, a high calcium intake decreased the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. Surprisingly, intake of animal protein was directly associated with the risk of stone formation. According to the passage, dietary calcium intake A. was measured by means of a semi-quantitative medical examination B. was discovered to decrease the chance of symptomatic kidney stone formation, after adjustment for age. C. increases the excretion of oxalate through the urinary tract. D. is impossible to accurately measure The passage suggests that in conducting this medical study, researchers A. Drew few conclusions beforehand on the indeterminate outcome of their scientific research. B. Discvered associations they had not been looking for. C. Had little interest in calcium’s effect on organs other than the kidneys. D. Neglected researching how the intake of calcium can reduce urinary excretion of oxalate. What is the main focus of this passage? A. How dietary calcium affects kidneys. B. How kidneys function. C. How kidney research is conducted. D. How Stanford researchers perform studies. Despite increasing enrollments of women in medical schools, feelings of isolation among women medical students persist. Women students still have to contend with the social stereotype of a male doctor. In addition, institutions themselves may unintentionally foster feelings of separateness. Comparatively few women are hired for faculty positions, thus offering women students few role models. The pervasive sexual humor of male doctors and students further intensifies women students' alienation. Alienation, in turn, negatively affects individual self-perception. As women enter medical study in increasing numbers, they may feel less at odds with their peers and the teaching establishment. Institutional bias will, no doubt, also change in response to evolving societal values. However, we should not wait passively for gradual social processes to bring changes; schools must provide current students with support services designed to meet women's needs. In a recent study, 48 percent of the women questioned rated a student support group as the most important support service a school can provide. The passage cites all of the following as causing psychological problems for women medical students EXCEPT A. Feelings of alienation from teachers and fellow students B. Prevailing societal conceptions about doctors C. Declining admissions of women to medical schools D. Expressions of sexism by peers and superiors The author of the passage is concerned that A. Medical schools’ practice widespread discrimination on the basis of sex B. Feelings of isolation among women medical students are partly the result of social stereotypes C. Some medical school policies are deliberately designed to make women students feel isolated D. Social norms must change before institutional bias can decline. The author cites factual information in support of which of the following contentions? A. Women students have more negative experiences in medical school than male students. B. Medical schools are moving rapidly to eliminate the effects of sexual bias. C. Many women are psychologically damaged by the feelings of alienation in medical school. D. Many women medical students feel a need for officially sponsored support services. The passage suggests that which of the following would be likely to reduce the isolation felt by women medical students? A. An increased proportion of women in medical schools. B. A decrease in the number of women filling faculty positions in medical schools. C. A decrease in support services available to women students. D. A more complete segregation between men and women in medical schools. In terms of its tone and form, the passage is most appropriately described as A. An impassioned polemic B. An indignant protest C. A reasoned appeal D. A detached summary Cystic fibrosis is a disease that is passed down through families. It is caused by a defective gene that makes the body produce abnormally thick and sticky fluid, called mucus. This mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs and in the pancreas. The buildup of mucus results in life-threatening lung infections and serious digestion problems. The disease may also affect the sweat glands and a man's reproductive system. Millions of Americans carry a CF gene, but do not have symptoms. This is because a person with CF must inherit two defective genes, one from each parent. About 1 in 29 Caucasian Americans have the CF gene. It is more common among those of northern or central European descent. Most children with CF are diagnosed by age 2. For a small number, the disease is not detected until age 18 or older. These children often have a milder form of the disease. Which of the following describes the purpose of the passage? A. To describe the causes of cystic fibrosis B. To explain how cystic fibrosis is passed down through families C. To overview the causes of CF and how it is carried D. To review why some Americans have CF, but others do not In context, the word “defective” in the first sentence of the passage means which of the following? A. Unusual B. Remarkable C. Postponed D. Faulty Which statement is not a detail from the passage? A. Most children with CF are diagnosed by age 2. B. About 1 in 39 Caucasian Americans have the CF gene. C. Millions of Americans carry a CF gene, but do not have symptoms. D. Mucus is a thick, sticky fluid that cystic fibrosis sufferers produce internally. Question 1-5 Food Passage: Consumption of peanut butter is an American necessity. Making peanut butter is a big food business in the United States. On the other hand, peanut butter isn’t a worldwide staple. It is difficult to discover peanut butter abroad. Peanuts grow underground. About 40 peanuts grown on one plant. Special tractors dig up the plants efficiently and lay them upside down on the ground. The peanuts stay in the sun until they are dry. Then, stems and rocks are removed. After the peanuts are cleaned, the cleaned peanuts are moved by conveyor to shelling machines, roasted, and cooled. The cooled peanuts are rubbed to remove their skins. Finally, the peanuts are ground into a paste. What is the best definition of "efficiently" as used in the second paragraph? o Wasting to make the best use of time o Applied to do work o Increase the amount of the output force o Productive without waste What conclusion can be drawn about the article? o The author explains the process for making peanut butter. o The author explains peanut butter is big food business. o The author explains consumption of peanut butter is American. o The author explains the machines used to make peanut butter. Which of these would be the best title for the passage. o The making of Peanut Butter o Peanut butter Jelly Time! o Peanut Butter Abroad o Peanut Butter in the United States What statement from the article draws the conclusion? o It is interesting peanut butter isn’t worldwide. o The machines used to make peanut butter are interesting. o It is interesting how peanut butter is made. o It is interesting peanut butter is big food business. Which step in making peanut butter comes first? o The peanuts are grounded. o The peanuts are cooled. o The peanuts are rubbed. o The peanuts are cleaned. The authors reason for writing this piece seems to be to o Entertain the reader o Persuade the reader o Inform the reader o Influence the reader Questions 6-10 The Golden Gate Bridge Passage: V1 The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous straits on the west coast of America. The narrow passage crosses the Pacific Ocean. Before the bridge, people traveled by boat. The Golden Garden Bridge is a suspension strain with to great of a risk for some residents. Joseph Strauss, chief engineer, overcame many technical problems. Risks were taken to complete the bridge, but the best and brightest worked on the challenge to build a bridge which connects the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco Bay. Strauss set a net installed beneath the gate that saved numerous lives because he was concerned for the safety of his workers. The workers started building at each end with big concrete blocks sunk deep into the ground which over 200 thick steel cables which the bridge would be suspended were to be anchored. The workers after completed the roadway which was the most dangerous task. Today, the famous west coast strait is a staple to San Francisco. Golden Gate Bridge Linking San Francisco to Marin County in California, the Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous bridges in the world. The bridge crosses over a narrow strait which connects the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco Bay. Prior to the bridge, people traveled by ferry boat across the strait. Although most people thought a bridge was necessary to expedite travel, some residents of the Bay area felt the risk of building the bridge was too great. Joseph Strauss believed that nothing was impossible, and dreams would never come to fruition if risks weren’t taken. So, he decided to gather the best and brightest builders, architects, and workers to embark on the challenge of building a bridge across the Golden Gate Strait. With safety nets in place, the construction began in 1937. Building the anchorages first, the builders then move on to the towers on each end, and then to the three-foot thick cables to support the suspension bridge. Lastly, workers labored to complete the roadway which become the most dangerous and treacherous part of the entire task. The builders had to keep the bridge balance, so it wouldn’t fall into the bay. Today, over sixty-five years later, the bridge remains a lifeline for the people of the San Francisco Bay Area. The authors reason for writing this piece seems to be to Inform the reader What body of water does The Golden Gate Bridge cross? Golden Gate Strait Why was the roadway so dangerous to build? If the road wasn’t b