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Immunity
Stem cells
Stem cells can form:
Lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells: Fight off viruses and cancer
Helper T cells: Coordinate immune response
B cells: Make antibodies
Polymorphonuclear cells: Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Mast cells
Megakarocytes: Produces platelets
B-cells
1. Make antibodies
2. Plasma cell secretes antibodies
3. Memory cells are long-lived, inactive cells that are activated at subsequent
exposure to an antigen (Lead to long-term immunity)
Immunity 1
, Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
White blood cells are PMNs when mature.
60% of all WBCs are neutrophils: First to arrive in bacterial infections and call others
to join via chemotaxis; They also activate complement system
Eosinophils: Important in allergic responses and parasitic infections
Basophils and Mast cells: Mast cells release histamine as part of allergic response
Narcotics cause histamine release, but it is not mediated by antibodies: It is a
side effect, not an allergic reaction
Abnormal lab values
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
Normal: 60% of total WBC (≈ 2500-7000 cells/microlier)
<500: Great risk for infection and often few signs and symptons
Patient would be on neutropenic precautions, including IV antibiotics for
fever
(E.g.) If a chemotherapy patient’s ANC is 200/microlier, the interventions
are:
Use alcohol-based handwash
Prohibit fresh flowers in the room
Triple wash fruits and vegetables
No fresh unpeeled fruits
Complement system of inflammatory response:
Functions
1. Increased vascular permeability: Causes fluid to leave vessel, travelling through
interstitial area and through lymphatics
Immunity 2
Immunity
Stem cells
Stem cells can form:
Lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells: Fight off viruses and cancer
Helper T cells: Coordinate immune response
B cells: Make antibodies
Polymorphonuclear cells: Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Mast cells
Megakarocytes: Produces platelets
B-cells
1. Make antibodies
2. Plasma cell secretes antibodies
3. Memory cells are long-lived, inactive cells that are activated at subsequent
exposure to an antigen (Lead to long-term immunity)
Immunity 1
, Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
White blood cells are PMNs when mature.
60% of all WBCs are neutrophils: First to arrive in bacterial infections and call others
to join via chemotaxis; They also activate complement system
Eosinophils: Important in allergic responses and parasitic infections
Basophils and Mast cells: Mast cells release histamine as part of allergic response
Narcotics cause histamine release, but it is not mediated by antibodies: It is a
side effect, not an allergic reaction
Abnormal lab values
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
Normal: 60% of total WBC (≈ 2500-7000 cells/microlier)
<500: Great risk for infection and often few signs and symptons
Patient would be on neutropenic precautions, including IV antibiotics for
fever
(E.g.) If a chemotherapy patient’s ANC is 200/microlier, the interventions
are:
Use alcohol-based handwash
Prohibit fresh flowers in the room
Triple wash fruits and vegetables
No fresh unpeeled fruits
Complement system of inflammatory response:
Functions
1. Increased vascular permeability: Causes fluid to leave vessel, travelling through
interstitial area and through lymphatics
Immunity 2
