Portage Learning BIOD 151 A&P 1 Final Exam Prep Q&A
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to
bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True b. True c. False d. False e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell
but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be
carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for
respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very critical;
also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so,
larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower
rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger
surface area to volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of
surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because
relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area
(relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
,During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by
covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and,
preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might
develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess
secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective
mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would
lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the following essay
question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. Parietal
and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous,
secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the
stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating
a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In
addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is
essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the
stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into
the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
,A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and
(2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. (1) The textbook
states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates faster than
it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture due
to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for
bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of
the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium
from the blood.
When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not.
Yes, the textbook stated that both the male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones;
however, the ratios are different; also, the adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing
this "opposite" hormone that the gonads of the person does not.
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys. ADH
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin
, Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? When there
is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland continues to produce TSH;
so, the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is
ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine.
A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow.
B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?
A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Detects pressure (mechanoreceptor)
Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once.
Fibroblasts
Produces collagen
Keratinocytes
Produces a protein to protect the skin
Langerhans cells
Assists in immune responses
Melanocytes
Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays
Fibroblasts
Produces collagen
Keratinocytes
Produces a protein to protect the skin
Langerhans cells
Assists in immune responses
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to
bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True b. True c. False d. False e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell
but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be
carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for
respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very critical;
also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so,
larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower
rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger
surface area to volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of
surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because
relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area
(relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
,During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by
covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and,
preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might
develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess
secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective
mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would
lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the following essay
question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. Parietal
and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous,
secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the
stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating
a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In
addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is
essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the
stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into
the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
,A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and
(2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. (1) The textbook
states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates faster than
it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture due
to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for
bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of
the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium
from the blood.
When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not.
Yes, the textbook stated that both the male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones;
however, the ratios are different; also, the adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing
this "opposite" hormone that the gonads of the person does not.
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys. ADH
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin
, Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? When there
is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland continues to produce TSH;
so, the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is
ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine.
A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow.
B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?
A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Detects pressure (mechanoreceptor)
Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once.
Fibroblasts
Produces collagen
Keratinocytes
Produces a protein to protect the skin
Langerhans cells
Assists in immune responses
Melanocytes
Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays
Fibroblasts
Produces collagen
Keratinocytes
Produces a protein to protect the skin
Langerhans cells
Assists in immune responses
