Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam(100% correct)

Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - Answer The abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver

True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or
F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - Answer a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False

You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one
would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or
smaller cell? Explain why. - Answer I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a
more active rate because in order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively
the surface area to volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present
then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller
surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less
active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to
volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.

The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the
amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is
more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell.
With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to
occur faster.

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.

Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? - Answer During
swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering
the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and,
preventing these things from entering into the lungs.

Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: - Answer Oropharynx

,Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________ - Answer B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus

From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: - Answer Primary
bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might
develop gastric/stomach ulcers. - Answer Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of
the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing
disruption that can lead to those ulcers.

Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.

Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________ - Answer 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:

Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. -
Answer Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells
produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin,
and gastric lipase.

,The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid,
generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along
with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of
hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief
cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by
the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.

Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________ - Answer 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible

Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________ - Answer A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium

A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this
diagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. -
Answer (1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the
bone tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing
increased pain, and more likely to fracture due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are
responsible for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the
ongoing breakdown of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the
osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.

Label the following five muscles:

B: _____________
C: _____________
E: _____________
G: _____________

, J: ______________ - Answer B: Temporalis
C: Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major
G: Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris

When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D - Answer F. B&D

Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why
not. - Answer Yes, the textbook stated that both the male and female bodies produce
"all" the sex hormones; however, the ratios are different; also, the adrenal glands are
largely responsible for producing this "opposite" hormone that the gonads of the person
does not.

List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:

I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys. - Answer ADH

List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:

I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. - Answer Insulin

Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? -
Answer When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland
continues to produce TSH; so, the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a
goiter, but this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be
produced without iodine.

A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the
arrow.
B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? - Answer A) Pacinian
corpuscle
B) Detects pressure (mechanoreceptor)

Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once.
Fibroblasts
Produces collagen
Keratinocytes
Produces a protein to protect the skin
Langerhans cells