NR 566 Midterm Exam 2021 Advanced Pharmacology

NR 566 Midterm Exam 2021 Advanced Pharmacology 1. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. Eighty-five to 90% of type 1 diabetics have: A. Autoantibodies to two tyrosine phosphatases B. Mutation of the hepatic transcription factor on chromosome 12 C. A defective glucokinase molecule due to a defective gene on chromosome 7p D. Mutation of the insulin promoter factor 2. Type 2 diabetes is a complex disorder involving: A. Absence of insulin production by the beta cells B. A suboptimal response of insulin-sensitive tissues in the liver C. Increased levels of glucagon-like peptide in the postprandial period D. Too much fat uptake in the intestine 3. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes include: A. Fasting blood glucose greater than 140 mg/dl on two occasions B. Postprandial blood glucose greater than 140 mg/dl C. Fasting blood glucose 100 to 125 mg/dl on two occasions D. Symptoms of diabetes plus a casual blood glucose greater than 200 mg/dl 4. Routine screening of asymptomatic adults for diabetes is appropriate for: A. Individuals who are older than 45 and have a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2 B. Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics C. Persons with HDL cholesterol greater than 100 mg/dl D. Persons with prediabetes confirmed on at least two occasions 5. Screening for children who meet the following criteria should begin at age 10 and occur every 3 years thereafter: A. BMI above the 85th percentile for age and sex B. Family history of diabetes in first- or second-degree relative C. Hypertension based on criteria for children D. Any of the above 6. Insulin is used to treat both types of diabetes. It acts by: A. Increasing beta cell response to low blood-glucose levels B. Stimulating hepatic glucose production C. Increasing peripheral glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and fat D. Improving the circulation of free fatty acids 7. Adam has type 1 diabetes and plays tennis for his university. He exhibits a knowledge deficit about his insulin and his diagnosis. He should be taught that: A. He should increase his carbohydrate intake during times of exercise. B. Each brand of insulin is equal in bioavailability, so buy the least expensive. C. Alcohol produces hypoglycemia and can help control his diabetes when taken in small amounts. D. If he does not want to learn to give himself injections, he may substitute an oral hypoglycemic to control his diabetes. 8. Insulin preparations are divided into categories based on onset, duration, and intensity of action following subcutaneous injection. Which of the following insulin preparations has the shortest onset and duration of action? A. Lispro B. Glulisine C. Glargine D. Detemir 9. The drug of choice for type 2 diabetics is metformin. Metformin: A. Decreases glycogenolysis by the liver B. Increases the release of insulin from beta cells C. Increases intestinal uptake of glucose D. Prevents weight gain associated with hyperglycemia 10. Before prescribing metformin, the provider should: A. Draw a serum creatinine level to assess renal function. B. Try the patient on insulin. C. Prescribe a thyroid preparation if the patient needs to lose weight. D. All of the above 11. Sulfonylureas may be added to a treatment regimen for type 2 diabetics when lifestyle modifications and metformin are insufficient to achieve target glucose levels. Sulfonylureas have been moved to Step 2 therapy because they: A. Increase endogenous insulin secretion B. Have a significant risk for hypoglycemia C. Address the insulin resistance found in type 2 diabetics