WSU Psych 350 Exam 2
Stereotypes - Answer Beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits
Prejudice - Answer Negative feelings about others because of their connection to a
social group
Discrimination - Answer Negative behaviors directed against persons because of their
membership to a particular group
Modern Racism - Answer A form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe,
socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
Two components of
ambivalent sexism - Answer Hostile sexism and benevolent sexism
Hostile Sexism - Answer Negative, resentful beliefs and feelings
Benevolent Sexism - Answer Affectionate and chivalrous, but patronizing beliefs and
feelings
Group Identification - Answer In-groups and out-groups
In-Groups - Answer Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership,
belonging and identity (country, religion, political party, etc.)
Out-Groups - Answer Groups that an individual does not belong to
Ultimate Attribution Error - Answer -People in in-groups are seen more favorably
-People in out-groups are seen more negatively
Social Identity Theory - Answer Threats to one's self esteem heighten the need for
group favoritism
Robber's Cave Experiment - Answer -20 boys (11-12 years old) were randomly divided
into two groups
-Athletic competition between the two groups quickly produced prejudice and hostility
-Superordinate goal
Superordinate Goals - Answer A mutually shared goal that can be achieved only
through intergroup cooperation; reduces prejudice
Realistic Conflict Theory - Answer Direct competition for valuable but limited resources
breeds hostility between groups (e.g., land, jobs, power)
, Social Categorization - Answer The classification of persons into groups on the basis of
observable characteristics
Two Errors from Social Categorization - Answer -Overestimation of differences between
groups
-Overestimation of similarities within groups
How Stereotypes Survive (6) - Answer 1. Confirmatory bias due to use of schema
2. Subtyping
-Exceptions to a stereotype are placed in a separate category rather than used to revise
the held stereotype
3. Self-fulfilling prophecy
-The process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to
behave in ways that confirm those expectations
4. Socialization
-Gender stereotypes are learned early, as early as age 2
5. Modeling—imitating important others (parents, teachers, friends)
6. Media effects
Four ways prejudice and discrimination can be reduced - Answer 1. Contact hypothesis
2. School interventions
3. Re-categorization
4. Challenging stereotypes through greater cognitive effort
Four important conditions required for contact hypothesis to work - Answer 1. Equal
status
2. Personal interaction
3. Cooperative activities (superordinate goals)
4. There must be a clear understanding from authorities that prejudice is not accepted
Attitude - Answer A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea
expressed at some level of intensity
A pro and a con of using self-report questionnaires - Answer -They are direct and
straightforward
-May not be accurate for sensitive questions
Bogus Pipeline - Answer A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get
respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions
Facial Electromyograph (EMG) - Answer An electronic instrument that records facial
muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes
Theory of Planned Behavior - Answer Attitudes are more predictive of intentions
Four Factors Related to Attitude Strength - Answer 1. It affects our self interests
Stereotypes - Answer Beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits
Prejudice - Answer Negative feelings about others because of their connection to a
social group
Discrimination - Answer Negative behaviors directed against persons because of their
membership to a particular group
Modern Racism - Answer A form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe,
socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
Two components of
ambivalent sexism - Answer Hostile sexism and benevolent sexism
Hostile Sexism - Answer Negative, resentful beliefs and feelings
Benevolent Sexism - Answer Affectionate and chivalrous, but patronizing beliefs and
feelings
Group Identification - Answer In-groups and out-groups
In-Groups - Answer Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership,
belonging and identity (country, religion, political party, etc.)
Out-Groups - Answer Groups that an individual does not belong to
Ultimate Attribution Error - Answer -People in in-groups are seen more favorably
-People in out-groups are seen more negatively
Social Identity Theory - Answer Threats to one's self esteem heighten the need for
group favoritism
Robber's Cave Experiment - Answer -20 boys (11-12 years old) were randomly divided
into two groups
-Athletic competition between the two groups quickly produced prejudice and hostility
-Superordinate goal
Superordinate Goals - Answer A mutually shared goal that can be achieved only
through intergroup cooperation; reduces prejudice
Realistic Conflict Theory - Answer Direct competition for valuable but limited resources
breeds hostility between groups (e.g., land, jobs, power)
, Social Categorization - Answer The classification of persons into groups on the basis of
observable characteristics
Two Errors from Social Categorization - Answer -Overestimation of differences between
groups
-Overestimation of similarities within groups
How Stereotypes Survive (6) - Answer 1. Confirmatory bias due to use of schema
2. Subtyping
-Exceptions to a stereotype are placed in a separate category rather than used to revise
the held stereotype
3. Self-fulfilling prophecy
-The process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to
behave in ways that confirm those expectations
4. Socialization
-Gender stereotypes are learned early, as early as age 2
5. Modeling—imitating important others (parents, teachers, friends)
6. Media effects
Four ways prejudice and discrimination can be reduced - Answer 1. Contact hypothesis
2. School interventions
3. Re-categorization
4. Challenging stereotypes through greater cognitive effort
Four important conditions required for contact hypothesis to work - Answer 1. Equal
status
2. Personal interaction
3. Cooperative activities (superordinate goals)
4. There must be a clear understanding from authorities that prejudice is not accepted
Attitude - Answer A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea
expressed at some level of intensity
A pro and a con of using self-report questionnaires - Answer -They are direct and
straightforward
-May not be accurate for sensitive questions
Bogus Pipeline - Answer A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get
respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions
Facial Electromyograph (EMG) - Answer An electronic instrument that records facial
muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes
Theory of Planned Behavior - Answer Attitudes are more predictive of intentions
Four Factors Related to Attitude Strength - Answer 1. It affects our self interests
