CHEM I
i) modes of action Antacids
1. 110cal ) sodium bicarbonate potassium bicarbonate calcium carbonate
physicochemical e.g .
, ,
^
antacids ( acidity ) i
-
corrects Nato } 1-21-16 → 2 Nall + coz -1 product of neutralization
_
rat -1
forming agents pH of
-
-
raise stomach
foaming agents liquid > solid
-
anti
_
-
pharmacological (
systemic )
2.
Hz receptor ii) acid
Organic
-
antagonists us .
base
Organic acid
-
inhibitors
pwtvn pump
-
lost
protons easily
diccrbouyl
-
Iii ) OH SH & 1,3
Nucleophile WOH
:
nucleus
seeking contains
- - - -
, ,
i. e- rich base
Organic
e.
g.
81-1 ,
Br ? -
,
HzÉ :
,
-
ÑH,
_
contain N atom & lone e-
pairs
Electrophile e-
_
ve
changed atoms -000-0 -5°
seeking
:
e.g
- -
. , ,
i. e- deficient
) Nucleophilic attacked
(
usually + ve reaction →
by nucleophile
⊕ ⊕ st
%
St
Br Br
Electrophilic attacked
H
by electrophile
NO , reaction →
e.g
- -
.
, , ,
, CHEM 2
i) SA & WA ii ) SB , WB
strong acids strong bae
fully fully
-
Coq)
-
ionize in
Cag) ionic in
transfer Ht Grp I & 2 hydroxides
-
water
-
all to e.g.
Nat
-
NaOH
-
e. HQ HNO } HBR Has 04
→ -1 OH
(g)
g. , , ,
Hlliag) 1- Hice ]
→
Hzoiag )
+
Clios, weak base
_
weak acids
partially ionize in
Cag]
- -
H2O F-
-
partially ionize in (
og) e.g Ctlzcoo + Ctlzcootl + OH
-
.
Ht
-
transfer some to water
not
completion iii)
Grp I -3
-
reaction reaches equilibrium
acid Grp 7
e.
g. acetic
hydroxides
F- Hzoiccp soluble &
-
CHSCOOH ( ag) Ctb basic
-
+ those , + COO
caq) strongly
Gp 2
hydroxides
& ( Ba > Be )
iu ) eqb constant of acid ( ka ) & pKa solubility tgvp
-
acid strength 4 basic
-
t
-
measures
gyp
H2O ¥ 1130+-1 A amphoteric ( act as acid / bae )
-
-
HA t Belote)z is can
↳
-4-130+7 EAT Grp 3
ka
=
THAT
( Epwdncts
[
]
])
reactants
BH } Clewis acid)
-
→ →
it Ka > I soluble in water & WA
Epwdnctj ] > [reactants ] Allow } limited &
- _
has solubility amphoteric
RHS
-
lies
egb on
acid pH pka acid 50%
deprotonated
-
when is
'
=
completion .
.
stung ,
↳ it Ka < 1 pm > pKa
-
Erecctcnts ] > [products ] deprotonation ,
+ ,
µ
-
on a go
eqb lies on LHS
<
pH pKa
acid protonation
- '
equilibrium <
.
Weak
↳
pka = -
lugka
acid 4 Kat
stronger pKa
-
aid tka 4
-
weaker
pKa
i) modes of action Antacids
1. 110cal ) sodium bicarbonate potassium bicarbonate calcium carbonate
physicochemical e.g .
, ,
^
antacids ( acidity ) i
-
corrects Nato } 1-21-16 → 2 Nall + coz -1 product of neutralization
_
rat -1
forming agents pH of
-
-
raise stomach
foaming agents liquid > solid
-
anti
_
-
pharmacological (
systemic )
2.
Hz receptor ii) acid
Organic
-
antagonists us .
base
Organic acid
-
inhibitors
pwtvn pump
-
lost
protons easily
diccrbouyl
-
Iii ) OH SH & 1,3
Nucleophile WOH
:
nucleus
seeking contains
- - - -
, ,
i. e- rich base
Organic
e.
g.
81-1 ,
Br ? -
,
HzÉ :
,
-
ÑH,
_
contain N atom & lone e-
pairs
Electrophile e-
_
ve
changed atoms -000-0 -5°
seeking
:
e.g
- -
. , ,
i. e- deficient
) Nucleophilic attacked
(
usually + ve reaction →
by nucleophile
⊕ ⊕ st
%
St
Br Br
Electrophilic attacked
H
by electrophile
NO , reaction →
e.g
- -
.
, , ,
, CHEM 2
i) SA & WA ii ) SB , WB
strong acids strong bae
fully fully
-
Coq)
-
ionize in
Cag) ionic in
transfer Ht Grp I & 2 hydroxides
-
water
-
all to e.g.
Nat
-
NaOH
-
e. HQ HNO } HBR Has 04
→ -1 OH
(g)
g. , , ,
Hlliag) 1- Hice ]
→
Hzoiag )
+
Clios, weak base
_
weak acids
partially ionize in
Cag]
- -
H2O F-
-
partially ionize in (
og) e.g Ctlzcoo + Ctlzcootl + OH
-
.
Ht
-
transfer some to water
not
completion iii)
Grp I -3
-
reaction reaches equilibrium
acid Grp 7
e.
g. acetic
hydroxides
F- Hzoiccp soluble &
-
CHSCOOH ( ag) Ctb basic
-
+ those , + COO
caq) strongly
Gp 2
hydroxides
& ( Ba > Be )
iu ) eqb constant of acid ( ka ) & pKa solubility tgvp
-
acid strength 4 basic
-
t
-
measures
gyp
H2O ¥ 1130+-1 A amphoteric ( act as acid / bae )
-
-
HA t Belote)z is can
↳
-4-130+7 EAT Grp 3
ka
=
THAT
( Epwdncts
[
]
])
reactants
BH } Clewis acid)
-
→ →
it Ka > I soluble in water & WA
Epwdnctj ] > [reactants ] Allow } limited &
- _
has solubility amphoteric
RHS
-
lies
egb on
acid pH pka acid 50%
deprotonated
-
when is
'
=
completion .
.
stung ,
↳ it Ka < 1 pm > pKa
-
Erecctcnts ] > [products ] deprotonation ,
+ ,
µ
-
on a go
eqb lies on LHS
<
pH pKa
acid protonation
- '
equilibrium <
.
Weak
↳
pka = -
lugka
acid 4 Kat
stronger pKa
-
aid tka 4
-
weaker
pKa
