NATS 1870 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it focus
images by - Answer changing the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles
contracting or relaxing it (lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because - Answer cornea
itself is mostly made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction (lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would - Answer be completely
blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common
between them, the eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent functionality
known as - Answer transduction (lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols? - Answer colours are symbols for
different light stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function - Answer true
(lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly
packaged crystalline fibres, cornea and lens remain - Answer transparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like? - Answer in black and white only, using rods
(lesson 13)
which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the cones
can be found? - Answer D (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what is it? -
Answer distinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to be the
MOST known and understood by science? - Answer anatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who is near
sighted? - Answer c (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming light? -
Answer all contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
,the opponent colour system - Answer subtracts cone signals from each other, to
distinguish colours (lesson 13)
the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history. rank
their first appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent - Answer L-S-M
(lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors? - Answer they are all mostly
concentrated at the fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural
cells, there are no photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect? - Answer it
is not the pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)? - Answer
cornea and lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision over
dichromatic? - Answer ability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson
13)
"what colour" is a question that - Answer involves both objective and physical
explanations involving light and subjective descriptions of the brain's perceptions
(lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe - Answer the passing of an electric signal
inside a neural cell (lesson 14)
why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod vision? -
Answer due to cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single
neuron receiving its signal (lesson 14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed and
converted into a neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them? - Answer There is
a drop in neurotransmitters being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson 14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle) versus
cones-to-ganglion-cells shows, - Answer 'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision'
since output from multiple rods converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to
fire (lesson 14)
, according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for our eyes
to completely adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the bright outdoors
for example)? - Answer at least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength of
light because - Answer each type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment
molecule with a different absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants - Answer can mostly perceive only
images with high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal? - Answer charged ion (lesson 14)
which of these neural cells in the retina make the immediate contact with the
photoreceptor cells at the synaptic layer? - Answer both bipolar and horizontal cells
(lesson 14)
neurotransmitters are - Answer molecules sent across a synaptic gap to transmit a
neural signal between two separate neurons (lesson 14)
the overall photo-transduction of light is achieved by - Answer physical and chemical
changes inside the photoreceptor cell (lesson 14)
after absorbing an incoming photon, the photopigments (like rhodopsin in the rods) will
cause the photoactivation sequence to start, in which - Answer charged ions will be
blocked from passing through the cell membrane of the photoreceptors (lesson 14)
this diagram of a typical retina section shows that - Answer bipolar cells are usually the
first neurons connected to the photo receptors, while ganglion cells are the last ones in
this writing network (lesson 14)
retinitis pigmentosa shows that - Answer photoreceptors can 'die' in a person's lifetime
(lesson 14)
t or f: rods are more sensitive to light than cones - Answer true (lesson 14)
which of these is NOT true about the s-cones? - Answer they do not participate in the
phototransduction process
(true things: they are the fewest in numbers out of all the cone types, they are sensitive
to the shortest wavelengths of light, they are virtually missing from the centre of the
fovea)
(lesson 14)
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it focus
images by - Answer changing the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles
contracting or relaxing it (lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because - Answer cornea
itself is mostly made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction (lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would - Answer be completely
blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common
between them, the eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent functionality
known as - Answer transduction (lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols? - Answer colours are symbols for
different light stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function - Answer true
(lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly
packaged crystalline fibres, cornea and lens remain - Answer transparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like? - Answer in black and white only, using rods
(lesson 13)
which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the cones
can be found? - Answer D (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what is it? -
Answer distinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to be the
MOST known and understood by science? - Answer anatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who is near
sighted? - Answer c (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming light? -
Answer all contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
,the opponent colour system - Answer subtracts cone signals from each other, to
distinguish colours (lesson 13)
the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history. rank
their first appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent - Answer L-S-M
(lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors? - Answer they are all mostly
concentrated at the fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural
cells, there are no photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect? - Answer it
is not the pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)? - Answer
cornea and lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision over
dichromatic? - Answer ability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson
13)
"what colour" is a question that - Answer involves both objective and physical
explanations involving light and subjective descriptions of the brain's perceptions
(lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe - Answer the passing of an electric signal
inside a neural cell (lesson 14)
why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod vision? -
Answer due to cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single
neuron receiving its signal (lesson 14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed and
converted into a neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them? - Answer There is
a drop in neurotransmitters being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson 14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle) versus
cones-to-ganglion-cells shows, - Answer 'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision'
since output from multiple rods converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to
fire (lesson 14)
, according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for our eyes
to completely adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the bright outdoors
for example)? - Answer at least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength of
light because - Answer each type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment
molecule with a different absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants - Answer can mostly perceive only
images with high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal? - Answer charged ion (lesson 14)
which of these neural cells in the retina make the immediate contact with the
photoreceptor cells at the synaptic layer? - Answer both bipolar and horizontal cells
(lesson 14)
neurotransmitters are - Answer molecules sent across a synaptic gap to transmit a
neural signal between two separate neurons (lesson 14)
the overall photo-transduction of light is achieved by - Answer physical and chemical
changes inside the photoreceptor cell (lesson 14)
after absorbing an incoming photon, the photopigments (like rhodopsin in the rods) will
cause the photoactivation sequence to start, in which - Answer charged ions will be
blocked from passing through the cell membrane of the photoreceptors (lesson 14)
this diagram of a typical retina section shows that - Answer bipolar cells are usually the
first neurons connected to the photo receptors, while ganglion cells are the last ones in
this writing network (lesson 14)
retinitis pigmentosa shows that - Answer photoreceptors can 'die' in a person's lifetime
(lesson 14)
t or f: rods are more sensitive to light than cones - Answer true (lesson 14)
which of these is NOT true about the s-cones? - Answer they do not participate in the
phototransduction process
(true things: they are the fewest in numbers out of all the cone types, they are sensitive
to the shortest wavelengths of light, they are virtually missing from the centre of the
fovea)
(lesson 14)
