Earth Science 1086 Midterm 1(complete 2022/2023

Law, Theory, Hypothesis Hypothesis: educated guess with observation. -WHY Theory: summarizes hypothesis by testing. - WHY Law: explains observations - HOW Singularity an area in space-time where gravitational force is so high, all known laws of physics break down. Evidence of Big Bang - Three Pillars of Proof 1. Hubble's Law 2. characteristics of cosmic microwave background radiation 3. abundance of light elements 1. Hubbles Law - there are many galaxies - the universe is explaining - measure distance in space - v=Hod Doppler Shift The apparent change in wavelengths. 2. Cosmic Background Radiation As the universe expanded it cooled 3. Abundance of Light Elements - hydrogen 75%, helium 25%, lithium - observed abundance can be explained if they ORIGINATED FROM ONE SINGLE RATIO OF THE FIRST SUB ATOMIC PARTICLE OF MATTER Shapes of the universe 1. sphere - closed, finite size, contract in a "big crunch" 2. saddle shape - open, negative curve, expansion rate never reaches 0. 3. flat - can expand/contract forever, no boundaries, reaches 0. Conventional Matter stars, planets, asteroids, comets Dark Matter - cannot see as it gives no energy - can detect its gravitational attraction - 27% of matter Dark Energy - Repels matter - controls expansion of space - 70% of universe Age of universe 1. radioactivity 2. cosmic microwave background radiation 3. hubbles expansion constant Radioactivity breakdown of elements. Determines universe age by : a) observing components of gasses around the stars. b) knowing radioactive processes. c) knowing time factors involved in breaking down a component. How old is the universe? 13.8 Years based on CMBR Model Light Years measure distances in space. You are looking at a star that started its journey 1 million years ago. Measuring Light years - 0 to 500 trigonometric parallax: object is at a different place relative to background. Measuring Light years - 500 to 500 million Hertzprung Rusell DIagram: matches brightness of stars compared to their temperature (colour). Distance of Apparent brightness Calculation AB=Intrinsic Brightness/(4pidistance^2) Cepheids stars with pulsing brightness that peaks The Local Group the Milky way galaxy, the andromeda galaxy, the triangulum galaxy Density mass per unit of volume supernova explosive death of a massive star Nebular Hypothesis suggests that the solar system formed over a brief span of time from a giant nebula (cloud of interstellar gas). Fusion reactions releases more energy to create a star. (Heat of Gas). Red Giant Dying Star, sun loses mass and runs out of hydrogen fuel. Momentum measure of an objects tendency to move at a constant speed along a straight path. Angular Momentum measure of the amount of spin of an object. Conservation of angular momentum if no outside force acts on a spinning object, the objects angular momentum will not change with time. Dew Point temperature to which air must be cooled to reach its water saturation Refractory Elements elements that do not readily respond to heat Jupiter vs Mercury When jupiter formed EVERYTHING condensed, whereas where mercury formed only HEAVIER elements condensed. Magin Broom leftover gasses were swept out from solar win T Tauri Stars very strong winds Geocentric Model Earth is at the centre Heliocentric Model Sun is at the centre Pythagorus/Plato put earth at the centre, objects rotated slowly east depending on how far they were from earth Aristarchus put sun in the centre Ptolemy put earth in the centre, placed all other planets on moving spheres. Catholic church supported. Copernicus Put Sun in the centre, earth rotated sun. Church would not publish Tycho wanted to keep copernicus, sun revolves earth and drags the planets with it Kepler planets were pushed into the orbits by the sun periphelion point of nearest approach of a planet to the sun. aphelion point of greatest separation. Galileo Galilei first to observe the planets through a telescope convinced copernicus was right went to trial for arguing 8 planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 5 dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Eris Hamea Makemake Photosphere visible outer layer represents depth within that gas (most inner layer) Chromosphere outside photosphere, humans can't see (middle layer). Has prominences and flares Corona outermost region, can only see in a solar eclipse The Genesis Experiment suns makeup is mostly hydrogen and helium. Mission is to capture particles of solar wind. Solar wind made of Plasma Aurora visual effect of collisions of light elements. Borealis (north) Australis (south) White Dwarf sun will blow off its outer envelope for its core to cool Black Dwarf when the sun stops glowing Telescope Types Refractor (glass), Reflector (mirror) Asteroid belt separates terrestrial planets fo