Straighterline: POLS 101 All EXAMS Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT

Straighterline: POLS 101 All EXAMS Questions and Answers 1.Americ ans’ nationa l identit y rests largely upon a. ethnic kinship. b. common language. c. shared political ideals. d. religion. e. federal law. Answer: c Page: 7 2. The American ideal of equality a. promotes the idea that all citizens should be equal in their standard of living. b. is fully consistent with individualism. c. does not include the idea that everyone is entitled to fair treatment under the law. d. has helped minority groups to achieve their goals. e. has always been fully implemented in U.S. history. Answer: d Page: 10 3. The American political culture includes all of the following ideals except a. liberty. b. equality. c. self-government. d. individualism. e. economic equality. Answer: e Page: 11 4. Inalienable rights a. belong to the government only. b. belong to individuals but can be denied by government. c. belong to individuals and cannot be denied by government. d. do not exist in the United States. e. are not mentioned in the Declaration of Independence. Answer: c Page: 9 5. Citizens of are most likely to believe that personal effort is the key to success. a. Germany b. Italy c. France d. the United States e. Great Britain Answer: d Page: 12 6. Cultural beliefs are said to be mythic ideas, which means that they are a. almost completely unreal. b. perfect representations of reality. c. symbolic postures that reflect partly what is ideal and partly what is real. d. perverted images of reality, as in the case of totalitarianism. e. specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution. Answer: c Page: 13 7. Conflict in the practice of America’s ideals occurs because these ideals a. are general principles, not precise rules. b. conflict somewhat with one another. c. are only one of the many sources of political action. d. are enduring and powerful. e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 16 8. Which one of the following is not widely regarded as a political ideal in America? a. liberty b. equality c. self-government d. freedom e. collectivism Answer: e Page: 11 9. Until 1965, immigration laws were biased in favor of immigrants from a. Asia. b. the Middle East. c. Europe. d. Africa. e. Latin America Answer: c Page: 15 10. The principle of self-government emphasizes majority rule whereas the principle of liberty emphasizes individual rights. These principles a. are universal and the foundation of all legitimate governments. b. have no real meaning in practice. c. have the same meaning for all Americans. d. are not fully consistent with each other. e. are not expressed in the Declaration of Independence. Answer: d Page: 16 11. Political conflict is rooted in which two general conditions of society? a. authority and scarcity of resources b. differing values and scarcity of resources c. differing values and competition d. authority and competition e. authority and differing values Answer: b Page: 17 12. Overt discrimination against Hispanics was eliminated from U.S. immigration laws a. after the Spanish-American War at the turn of the twentieth century. b. during World War I. c. during the 1960s at the time of the civil rights movement. d. in the early 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union. e. after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Answer: c Page: 15 13. The play of politics takes place according to rules that the participants agree to accept. In the American case, the rules of the game include all of the following, except a. autocracy. b. democracy. c. constitutionalism. d. capitalism. e. None of the answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 21 14. In a constitutional system, a. there are no restrictions on the lawful uses of power, as long as this power is obtained by majority rule. b. citizens have basic rights which government cannot take away. c. the economy is based on the free enterprise system. d. officials govern according to the traditions established by their predecessors. e. the judiciary is more powerful in all respects than the legislature or executive. Answer: b Page: 22 15. America’s founding principles have roots in a. beliefs about the proper use of war. b. commercial practices. c. systems of absolute rule. d. the law of the seas. e. religious beliefs. Answer: e Page: 20 16. Which of the following is characteristic of a capitalist economic system? a. free enterprise b. self-reliance c. private property d. individualism e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 23 17. The statement, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,” can be found in a. the Declaration of Independence. b. the U.S. Constitution. c. the Federalist Papers. d. the Civil Rights Act of 1964. e. the Emancipation Proclamation. Answer: a Page: 10 18. According to the historian Louis Hartz, the United States was “born .” a. twice b. free c. united d. in peace e. once Answer: b Page: 9 19. A government’s authority a. is evidenced when government officials exercise political power. b. is by definition not coercive. c. does not include the power to arrest and imprison. d. ensures that lawlessness prevails most of the time. e. is based on pluralism. Answer: a Page: 25 20. is the process that determines how a society will be governed. a. Politics b. Pluralism c. Elitism d. Socialism e. Authoritarianism Answer: a Page: 17 21. Who observed that Americans are a special case in terms of their national identity? a. James Bryce b. King George III c. James Madison d. William James e. Calvin Coolidge Answer: a Page: 7 22. Americans’ emphasis on self-sufficiency and material accumulation reflects their belief in a. liberty. b. self-government. c. individualism. d. diversity. e. collectivism. Answer: c Page: 11 23. Among the following nations, the percentage of people who say that immigrants’ influence has been very good or somewhat good is highest in a. France. b. Germany. c. the United States. d. Italy. e. Great Britain. Answer: ec Page: 16 24. Since the 1960s the largest number of immigrants have come from a. Europe. b. Africa. c. Asia. d. Latin America. e. Canada. Answer: d Page: 15 25. In the Second Treatise on Civil Government, argued that all individuals have certain natural rights, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. a. Thomas Hobbes b. John Locke c. Thomas Jefferson d. Jean Jacques Rousseau e. James Madison Answer: b Page: 20 26. Thomas Jefferson’s wrote: a. Common Sense. b. the Declaration of Independence. c. the Constitution. d. the Emancipation Proclamation. e. the Four Freedoms doctrine. Answer: b Page: 11 27. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argued that life in the state of nature is a. heavenly. b. worth protecting so that future generations can enjoy nature’s beauty. c. peaceful but boring. d. truly equal for all. e. dangerous and warlike. Answer: e Page: 18 28. Americans’ deep-seated political beliefs a. have changed so much over time that today’s beliefs have little resemblance to those held by earlier generations. b. are more firmly held by men than by women. c. affect what Americans regard as reasonable and acceptable and therefore what they will try to achieve politically. d. are for the most part ideas that have no relevance to how Americans live today. e. have been manipulated by politicians to the point where their meaning is lost. Answer: c Page: 31 29. Which of the following is true of totalitarian governments? a. Totalitarian governments assert complete dominance over individuals and institutions of society. b. Totalitarian governments control the mass media. c. Totalitarian governments use one-party rule. d. Totalitarian governments use violence to subdue their opponents. e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 24 30. A major criticism of the theory of pluralism is that a. there are no organized interest groups. b. majorities always win. c. only a small number of powerful groups are well-organized and influence policymakers. d. minority groups always win. e. None of the answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 28 31. Jon Stewart’s “The Daily Show” a. has a conservative slant. b. has a liberal slant. c. appeals particularly to middle-aged viewers. d. appeals particularly to women. e. appeals particularly to Republicans. Answer: b Page: 26 32. America’s pluralism stems from a. its geographical diversity. b. its economic complexity. c. its religious diversity. d. its ethnic diversity. e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 25 33. Politics inherently involves a. conflict. b. agreement about tax issues. c. agreement about privacy issues. d. agreement about war and peace issues. e. agreement about presidential candidates. Answer: a Page: 17 34. E Pluribus Unum means a. government of the people, by the people, and for the people. b. out of many, one. c. rugged individualism. d. the people rule. e. the sovereign is ultimate. Answer: b Page: 11 35. Which of the following statements is true? a. Socialism cannot exist in a political democracy. b. Sweden is a communist country. c. The United States is a predominantly socialist country. d. Governmental ownership of some industries is a characteristic of socialist countries. e. True capitalism does not exist anywhere but in the United States. Answer: d Page: 23 36. The method of operation of the Federal Reserve Board would best support the theory of a. majoritarianism. b. pluralism. c. elitism. d. bureaucratic rule. e. None of the answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 28 37. A leading theorist of bureaucratic rule was a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. b. Robert Dahl. c. Max Weber. d. C. Wright Mills. e. Alexis de Tocqueville. Answer: c Page: 29 38. is the ability of persons or institutions to control policy. a. Apathy b. Politics c. Power d. Liberty e. Political culture Answer: c Page: 26 39. The Greek words demos and kratis together mean a. majority rule is sacred. b. the people rule. c. government is good. d. politics is immoral. e. the king is good. Answer: b Page: 21 40. Major tendencies in the U.S. political system include all of the following except a. enduring cultural beliefs that are the people’s common bond. b. deep hostility toward any group of which one is not a member. c. extreme fragmentation of governing authority. d. strong emphasis on individual rights. e. a relatively sharp separation of the political and economic spheres. Answer: b Page: 31 Essay/Short Answer 1. A defining characteristic of the American political system is its enduring and powerful set of cultural ideals. Explain. Answer: Political culture refers to the characteristic and deep-seated beliefs of a particular people. In the American case, these beliefs are the basis of national identity. In many countries, national identity is based on a common ancestry, a kinship through blood. Americans, however, are linked not through common ethnicity but through a political tradition founded on a set of ideals—liberty, self-government, equality, individualism, diversity, and unity. These beliefs do not have exact meanings in practice, but they do set boundaries on political action and affect what Americans will regard as necessary and desirable. These beliefs bind the American people together and give purpose and direction to their politics. 2. Define politics, power, and authority. Answer: Politics is the process by which it is determined whose values will prevail in the making of public policy. Those factions or people who prevail in getting their values accepted are said to have power. When power is exercised through the laws and institutions of government, authority is involved. Authority is defined as the recognized right of an official or institution to exercise power. 3. Explain the justification for referring to cultural beliefs as myths. Answer: Cultural beliefs are mythical in that they are combinations of fact and wishful thinking. America’s belief in equality, for example, reflects the society’s progress in the promotion of human equality but ignores, for instance, the discriminatory practices that African Americans have had to endure throughout the country’s history. Mythical ideas are symbolic positions taken by people to justify and give meaning to their way of life. 4. Identify two sources of conflict among America’s political ideals. Illustrate these sources of conflict in the context of a specific political issue. Answer: One reason why American ideals conflict is that they are general principles, rather than fixed rules of conduct. As general principles, they are open to interpretation in practice, and conflict can arise when different people interpret them differently. Second, these principles are not fully consistent with each other. They derive from different historical experiences and philosophies, and include conflicting elements. A policy issue that illustrates these sources of conflict is affirmative action. Equality and diversity, which emphasize fairness and full opportunities for all, can provide the basis for arguments for affirmative action. However, liberty and individualism, which emphasize personal freedom, can be the basis of arguments against affirmative action. 5. How could one argue that America is not run by a small power elite? Answer: One could argue that due to the diversity of group structures in America and the fierce competition over whose values will emerge victorious on any particular issue, it would therefore be difficult for one homogeneous group to consistently control policies and all other competing political forces in the United States. 1. The idea that government should be restricted in its lawful uses of power and hence in its ability to deprive people of their liberty is expressed by the term a. federalism. b. self-government. c. judicial review. d. limited government. e. natural rights. Answer: d Page: 36 2. The philosopher most closely associated with the concept of natural rights is a. Montesquieu. b. Locke. c. Rousseau. d. Aristotle. e. Plato. Answer: b Page: 38 2. Natural rights theorists maintain a. that certain people in society are naturally endowed with more ability than others. b. that certain rights belonged to people in their natural state before governments were created. c. that political ideals should be based on religious principles. d. that a state of nature is preferable to government. e. that the divine right to rule is crucial for legitimate governments. Answer: b Page: 38 2. Early Americans’ preference for limited government was strengthened by a. the personal freedom that life in America allowed. b. the idea that people have natural rights. c. Britain’s treatment of the colonies after the French and Indian War. d. abuses of power by European monarchs. e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 37 2. The American colonists based their right to revolt against Britain’s authority on the claim that a. the wealth of the new world belonged to them, since they had developed it through their labor. b. the colonial charters had expired, which made them free men under the rules of international law. c. their rights as British subjects had been violated. d. the conflict between the British and the French in the New World was a violation of treaties and hence neither British nor French authority was valid. e. the Articles of Confederation legally replaced British rule in the colonies. Answer: c Page: 38 6. The words of the Declaration of Independence reflected a. Aristotle’s conception of democracy. b. Montesquieu’s view of constitutionalism. c. Hobbes’ idea of the state of nature. d. Locke’s philosophy of inalienable rights. f. Madison’s view of factions. Answer: d Page: 38 7. Through the grants of power in the Constitution, the Framers sought to a. define the powers of state governments. b. create a government in which sovereignty was invested in the national government only. c. both empower government and limit it. d. enumerate the rights of individuals. f. abolish slavery. Answer: c Page: 47 8. Among the Constitution’s denials of powers is the right of habeas corpus, which prohibits government from a. prosecuting persons for acts that were legal at the time they were committed. b. establishing a state religion based on Christian beliefs. c. enacting laws that would legalize the practice of indentured servitude. d. jailing a person without a court hearing to determine the legality of her/his imprisonment. f. silencing freedom of the press. Answer: d Page: 48 9. Which of the following chronologies is correct? a. The Boston Tea Party came before the Declaration of Independence. b. Shays’ Rebellion came before the Declaration of Independence. c. The Constitution was written before the Declaration of Independence was written. d. The Revolutionary War came before the French and Indian War. f. The Articles of Confederation came before the Declaration of Independence. Answer: a Page: 38 10. The principle of checks and balances is based on the notion that a. leaders are the trustees of the people. b. a weak government is always preferable to a strong government. c. all legislative and executive action should be controlled through judicial power. d. power must be used to offset power. f. legislators and executives cannot be trusted, but judges are trustworthy. Answer: d Page: 48 11. The Framers’ most significant modification of the traditional doctrine of the separation powers was to a. include federalism. b. include a two-chamber legislature. c. define legislative power precisely, while defining executive and judicial power only in general terms. d. ensure that the powers of the separate branches overlap, so that each could better act as a check on the others. f. grant the power of judicial review to the judiciary. Answer: d Page: 49 12. In practice, the most significant restraint imposed by Congress on the president is its a. ability to override presidential vetoes. b. power of impeachment. c. power to make the laws and appropriate money, for these determine the programs the executive can implement. d. power to approve presidential appointees. f. power to investigate presidential activities. Answer: c Page: 50 13. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution a. by the Framers during the Philadelphia Convention. b. in stages, with free expression rights added first and the rights of the accused added years later. c. in response to the freeing of the slaves during the Civil War. d. in response to the ideals of Jacksonian democracy. f. None of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 52 14. The concept of separation of powers was promoted by a. Montesquieu. b. Aristotle. c. Hobbes. d. Locke. f. Jefferson. Answer: a Page: 48 15. Marbury v. Madison is a landmark Supreme Court decision because it a. established national supremacy. b. set the precedent for judicial review. c. defined the scope of state powers under the Tenth Amendment. d. affirmed the necessary and proper clause. f. helped to end Thomas Jefferson’s political career. Answer: b Page: 53 16. Marbury v. Madison was an ingenious decision because it a. returned a case that involved the issue of states’ rights into one that asserted national power. b. redefined the constitutional relationship between the president and Congress. c. asserted the power of the judiciary without bringing it into direct conflict with the president or Congress. d. turned a case that involved the issue of states’ rights into one that asserted judicial power over the institutions of society. f. gave more power to the presidency, at the expense of Congress. Answer: c Page: 53 17. referred to his victory in the presidential election as the Revolution of 1800. a. John Adams b. Andrew Jackson c. John Marshall d. Thomas Jefferson f. James Madison Answer: d Page: 58 18. John Marshall was an ardent a. nationalist. b. states’ rights advocate. c. supporter of Thomas Jefferson. d. member of the Democratic-Republican party. e. member of the Whig party. Answer: a Page: 56 19. The traditional objection to democratic government is the risk of a. tyranny of the majority. b. elite rule. c. special-interest politics. d. a weak presidency. f. judicial imperialism. Answer: a Page: 55 20. The writers of the Constitution used the term to describe the form of government in which power resides in the people but is exercised through a system of representative institutions. a. democracy b. republic c. federalism d. constitutionalism f. Electoral College Answer: b Page: 56 21. Edmund Burke’s idea of representatives as trustees was based on the claim that a. representatives should follow their own judgment of the public interest. b. representatives should follow the voters’ judgment of the public interest. c. indirect election is a more trustworthy means of discovering the public interest. d. direct election is a more trustworthy means of discovering the public interest. f. None of the answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 56 22. The writers of the Constitution devised the Electoral College as the method of choosing presidents because a. direct election was impractical due to the poor systems of communication and transportation that existed in the late 1700s. b. the method would shield executive power from popular majorities and Congress. c. the method guaranteed a majority winner. d. the method would give weight to the preferences of ordinary people. f. the Framers had a great deal of faith in the wisdom of the masses. Answer: b Page: 57 23. The Framers entrusted the selection of U.S. senators to a. specially chosen electors. b. state legislatures. c. direct vote of the people. d. state governors. e. federal magistrates. Answer: b Page: 57 24. The term of office for a U.S. senator is years, while that of a member of the U.S. House is years. a. six; two b. four; two c. six; four d. four; four f. eight; four Answer: a Page: 57 25. The writers of the Constitution justified different methods of selection and varying terms of office for the president, Senate, and House as a means of a. increasing popular influence. b. protection against ruthless majorities. c. preventing elite control of government. d. maintaining experienced leadership. f. increasing voter turnout. Answer: b Page: 57 26. Thomas Jefferson proclaimed the Revolution of 1800 the victory of a. common people over wealthy interests. b. merchants over farmers. c. southern interests over northern interests. d. nationalists over states’ rights advocates. f. American interests over foreign interests. Answer: a Page: 58 27. Andrew Jackson persuaded the states to choose their presidential electors a. on the basis of popular voting. b. by a vote of the state legislature. c. by a vote of Congress. d. by a presidential convention. f. on the basis of one state, one elector. Answer: a Page: 59 28. The first plan of government for the United States was a a. confederation. b. federal system. c. unitary form of government. d. monarchy. f. theocracy. Answer: a Page: 39 29. Progressive reforms included a. primary elections. b. direct election of U.S. senators. c. the initiative and referendum. d. recall elections. f. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 60 30. In his criticism of the Constitution, the economist Charles Beard argued that a. the Constitution’s elaborate systems of power and representation were designed to protect the interests of the rich. b. the Constitution failed to protect the economic interests of the poorer states. c. the Constitution’s commerce clause was inadequate to meet the nation’s economic needs. d. the Constitution did not provide for sufficient protection of property. f. the Constitution gave too much power to the illiterate. Answer: a Page: 61 31. The Articles of Confederation provided for a. a national Congress. b. each state having one vote in Congress. c. unanimous approval by the states to amend the Articles. d. All of the answers are correct. f. None of the answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 39 32. The inalienable rights in the Declaration of Independence are a. life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. b. liberty, equality, and fraternity. c. life, liberty, and property. d. life and property only. e. equality and liberty only. Answer: a Page: 38 33. presided over the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. a. Benjamin Franklin b. Gouverneur Morris c. Edmund Randolph d. James Madison f. George Washington Answer: e Page: 49 34. The Constitution prohibits Congress from a. proposing constitutional amendments. b. passing ex post facto laws. c. declaring war. d. proposing the repeal of constitutional amendments. f. creating a national university. Answer: b Page: 48 35. Not among the checks Congress has on the executive is the a. power to ratify treaties. b. power to approve executive appointments. c. power to hold hearings. d. power to impeach. f. power to administer the laws directly if it chooses to do so. Answer: e Page: 50 36. Which of the following is not part of the First Amendment? a. freedom of press b. freedom of religion c. freedom of assembly d. freedom of speech e. right to bear arms Answer: e Page: 52 37. Under the original Constitution, Congress could not ban the slave trade until a. 1808. b. 1828. c. 1848. d. 1865. e. 1887. Answer: a Page: 43 38. The Federalist Papers were written by a. Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. b. Franklin, Washington, and Lee. c. Jefferson, Locke, and Montesquieu. d. Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. f. Marshall, Jefferson, and Adams. Answer: d Page: 45 39. The Constitution was ratified by a. the people. b. the state legislatures. c. state conventions. d. the Supreme Court. e. the Continental Congress. Answer: c Page: 46 40. The document explaining the ideas of the Constitution and urging its ratification is the a. Mayflower Compact. b. Declaration of Independence. c. Anti-Federalist Papers. d. Federalist Papers. e. Declaration of Conscience. Answer: d Page: 46 41. Presidents are a. directly selected by the people. b. selected by votes of the state legislatures. c. selected by votes of the Electoral College. d. subject to recall elections. e. subject to confidence votes by Congress. Answer: c Page: 57 42. Which of the following is an example of checks and balances? a. the veto b. the impeachment process c. approval of treaties d. judicial review e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 50 43. Where is the Bill of Rights found in the Constitution? a. Article I, Section 8 b. Article II c. the first ten amendments d. amendments 17 through 26 e. Article III Answer: c Page: 52 44. is the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. a. John Locke b. Thomas Jefferson c. James Madison d. George Washington e. Alexander Hamilton Answer: b Page: 38 45. Judicial review is the power of the American courts to a. declare a law unconstitutional. b. suspend the writ of habeas corpus. c. impeach the president. d. give advisory opinions to Congress. e. give advice and counsel to the president. Answer: a Page: 50 46. Which of the following developments in the national political system provided for more popular control? a. primary elections b. direct election of U.S. senators c. recall elections d. initiative and referendum e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 60 47. A constitutional democracy a. includes the election of representatives by vote of the people. b. protects minority rights. c. operates under the rule of law. d. was established in 1787 by the U.S. Constitution. e. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 62 48. Shays’ Rebellion a. was a successful revolt. b. convinced many political leaders that the national government was too powerful. c. convinced many political leaders that the national government was too weak. d. reinforced public support for the Articles of Confederation. e. occurred after the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Answer: c Page: 41 49. Which of the following statements is true? a. John Marshall served as chief justice of the Supreme Court. b. Thomas Jefferson served as chief justice of the Supreme Court. c. John Marshall was vice president under John Adams. d. Thomas Jefferson was an ardent supporter of John Marshall. e. Both John Marshall and Thomas Jefferson were among the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Answer: a Page: 53 50. Which of the following is correct under the Constitution? a. The legislature enforces the law. b. The executive makes the law. c. The judiciary interprets the law. d. The bureaucrats make the law. e. Interest groups directly determine public policy outcomes. Answer: c Page: 50 51. The “three-fifths compromise” was a response to a. the institution of slavery. b. the concerns of small states. c. apportionment in the U.S. Senate. d. the Electoral College. e. the demands of large states. Answer: a Page: 43 52. The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to a. passage of the Second Amendment. b. political pressure from the Progressives. c. Jeffersonian democracy. d. Jacksonian democracy. e. the fact that state legislators no longer desired to select them. Answer: b Page: 61 53. The Great Compromise produced a. checks and balances. b. the abolition of slavery. c. a bicameral Congress. d. separation of powers. e. federalism. Answer: c Page: 42 54. Presidential appointments and treaties must be approved by a. Congress. b. only the president. c. the Senate. d. the Supreme Court e. the secretary of state. Answer: c Page: 50 55. A contemporary legislator who voted for a bill even though his constituents back home overwhelmingly opposed the bill would be performing the Edmund Burke role of a. trustee. b. delegate. c. statesperson. d. politician. e. oversight. Answer: a Page: 56 56. The Framers of the Constitution preferred which of the following political arrangements? a. a republic as opposed to a pure democracy b. a monarchy as opposed to a constitutional system c. a pure democracy over a republic d. a pure democracy over a representative democracy e. socialism over capitalism Answer: a Page: 56 57. The U.S. Constitution was designed so as to create a. a limited government. b. a representative government. c. a state-centered government. d. a limited, representative government. e. a limited, state-centered government. Answer: d Page: 56 58. A feature of the U.S. Constitution that aims to establish a limited government is a. denials of power. b. grants of power. c. checks and balances d. Bill of Rights e. All the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 63 59. It can be said of the Constitution’s original provisions for self-government that a. ordinary citizens, through their votes, were given direct control over all the institutions of the federal government. b. ordinary citizens, through their votes, were given more control over the federal government than they had over the state governments. c. these provisions have not stood the test of time—that Americans in their history have made changes in the Constitution that have increased the use of the vote as a means of choosing their national leaders. d. the original provisions reflected a complete trust in the people’s ability to restrain their passions. e. None of the answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 58 Essay/Short Answer 1. Define limited government and its relation to liberty. Explain ways in which the Constitution limits government. Answer: Limited government is a government that is subject to strict limits on its lawful uses of power, and hence its ability to deprive people of their liberty. There are five major ways the Constitution limits the government. These include (1) grants of power: powers granted to the national government by the Constitution. Powers not granted to it are denied to it unless they are necessary and proper to the carrying out of granted power; (2) denials of power: powers expressly denied to the national and state governments by the Constitution; (3) separated institutions sharing power: the division of the national government’s power among three branches, each of which is to act as a check on the other two; (4) Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which specify individual rights that the national government must respect; and (5) federalism: the division of political authority between the national government and the states, enabling the people to appeal to one authority if their rights and interests are not respected by the others. Some analysts include judicial review in this list even though it is not explicitly provided for in the Constitution. 2. Explain why early Americans admired limited government. Answer: Two main factors were the colonists’ English heritage and pre-revolutionary experiences. In terms of the former, the British king was restricted by Parliament and the English people had certain rights, such as a trial by jury. In addition, the colonial charters served as prototypes for constitutionalism and limited government; they placed restrictions on the uses of political power. 3. Define judicial review and explain its origin and importance. Answer: Judicial review is the process whereby the courts, especially the Supreme Court, judge the constitutionality of executive and legislative actions. Judicial review is important, first, because it makes the judicial branch the constitutional equal of the other two branches. Second, judicial review is a powerful instrument for protecting limited government. The 1803 landmark case of Marbury v. Madison set the precedent for judicial review by invalidating an act of Congress that was signed by President George Washington. 4. The Framers of the Constitution understood democracy and republic to mean different things. Explain this difference and identify which concept the Framers favored. Answer: In a democracy, the people directly decide public issues. In a republic, elected representatives meet in official institutions to decide policy. The Framers supported the republican system because they feared a democracy would lead to tyranny of the majority. While this threat could never be eliminated totally, the Framers believed that properly structured representative institutions would greatly diminish the threat. Thus, they believed that political power, though responsive to the public, must be separated from immediate popular influences if sound policies are to result. 5. Discuss representative democracy as conceived by the Framers. Include a brief discussion of Edmund Burke’s philosophy. Answer: Representative democracy is another name for a republic. According to the Framers, a representative democracy would guard against chaos and civil unrest by incorporating the principle of majority rule along with built-in protection against excessive majoritarianism. The objective was a government sensitive to the majority’s immediate concern that was also able to promote long-term societal interests. This objective is in line with Burke’s concept of public trusteeship—that representatives should use their best judgment of what is good for society rather than blindly following the desires of the voting public. 6. Explain how provisions for majority rule have changed throughout U.S. history. Include examples from the Jacksonian era and the Progressive movement. Answer: The Constitution made only a small provision for majority rule; the House of Representatives was the only popularly elected institution. During the Jacksonian era, the power of the majority increased, partly though the linking of a state’s electoral votes to its popular votes. The Progressives furthered this development through, for example, direct election of U.S. senators, the introduction of the primary election, and the referendum and the initiative. The writers of the Constitution established a federal system of government because a. the states already existed. b. it was consistent with the philosophy expressed in the Declaration of Independence. c. Locke and Montesquieu concluded it was superior to other systems of government. d. the British political system was based on the federal principle. b. George Mason wanted to abolish the states. Answer: a Page: 69 2. Viewed in historical terms, federalism has been a a. pragmatic principle, in that the relationship between the nation and the states has adapted to the needs of the time. b. theoretical principle, in that constitutional provisions for federalism have had virtually no impact on the relationship between the nation and the states. c. flawed principle, in that the relationship between the nation and the states has been a constant source of problems without many positive benefits. d. fixed principle, in that the relationship between the nation and states is almost completely defined by provisions of the Constitution. g. poor replacement for the confederal system which existed before the Constitution. Answer: a Page: 93 3. Which of the following were arguments in favor of federalism at the time of the writing of the Constitution? a. Federalism will protect liberty. b. Federalism will force officials to be more responsive to the people. c. Federalism will provide for a stronger national government than existed under the Articles of Confederation. d. Federalism will preserve the states as sovereign governments. g. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 71 4. Which of the following is not an enumerated power of the national government? a. public education b. regulation of commerce c. declaration of war d. taxation g. printing money Answer: a Page: 74 5. States may, by the Constitution, a. make treaties. b. provide for law and order. c. wage war. d. print money. g. do anything that is “necessary and proper.” Answer: b Page: 74 6. Regarding the commerce power, which statement is incorrect? a. The states may regulate interstate commerce. b. The national government may not regulate interstate commerce. c. Commerce is to be unregulated by government. d. Local taxing authorities may regulate interstate commerce. f. None of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 80 7. Sovereignty refers to a. a government headed by a king. b. a division of authority between the national government and the states. c. ultimate governing authority. d. sub-national (state) governments. g. None of the answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 69 8. The enumerated powers in Article I of the Constitution a. limit the powers of the state governments. b. ensure that neither small nor large states would be at a disadvantage. c. ensure that neither northern nor southern states would be at a disadvantage. d. define the powers of the Congress. g. limit the power of the presidency. Answer: d Page: 73 9. The Tenth Amendment addressed the concerns of Anti-Federalists about a. individual freedoms. b. the meaning of the commerce clause. c. popular representation in Congress. d. the powers of state governments. g. the Electoral College. Answer: d Page: 74 10. Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of implied powers? a. the necessary and proper clause b. the supremacy clause c. Tenth Amendment d. the commerce clause g. the power to tax Answer: a Page: 74 11. According to the Anti-Federalists, too strong a national government meant a. eventual encroachment upon the sovereignty of the states. b. that a new Constitutional convention would have to convene every few years. c. that a monarchy was preferable to a republic. d. that effective commerce between and among the states was an impossibility. g. that slavery would be abolished immediately. Answer: a Page: 74 12. According to the Federalists, the states would have political control over all of the following except a. public morals. b. education. c. the country’s economy. d. safety. g. public health. Answer: c Page: 74 13. McCulloch v. Maryland was decisive because it a. ruled in favor of state-centered federalism. b. asserted that the necessary and proper clause was a restriction on the power of the national government. c. affirmed that national law is supreme to conflicting state law. d. established the Supreme Court’s power to judge constitutional issues. g. allowed for a narrow reading of the Constitution. Answer: c Page: 76 14. From 1789 to 1865, the most significant issue of federalism was a. the application of the Bill of Rights to action by the state governments. b. whether the states would accept the lawful authority of the national government. c. whether business trusts would be regulated primarily by the states or by the national government. d. whether the states would respect the sovereignty of neighboring states. g. laissez-faire capitalism. Answer: b Page: 75 15. According to the Dred Scott decision, slaves were a. property. b. beings of an inferior order. c. not full American citizens. d. not allowed to litigate in federal courts. f. All of the answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 77 16. Dual federalism held that a. the states were equal to the national government in all respects. b. a precise separation of national and state authority was both possible and desirable. c. national and state authority were indivisible. d. the Senate and the House were equal in their federal authority. g. None of the answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 78 17. The period of dual federalism (1865–1937) was marked by a. congressional supremacy in the area of commerce. b. state-government supremacy in the area of commerce. c. presidential supremacy in the area of commerce. d. business supremacy in the area of commerce. g. national supremacy in the area of commerce. Answer: d Page: 78 18. In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court ruled that a. the doctrine of separate but equal was constitutional. b. state regulation of labor practices violated firms’ property rights. c. the Fourth Amendment did not apply to interstate commerce. d. factory practices could only be regulated by the states. g. factory practices could only be regulated by the federal government. Answer: b Page: 81 19. The only counter-force that was potentially strong enough to control the business trusts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a. government. b. the buying public. c. organized labor. d. business competitors. g. farmers. Answer: a Page: 78 20. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the national government a. provided vast sums to business firms to keep them out of bankruptcy. b. provided health care to Americans on a temporary basis as a means of alleviating economic hardships. c. asserted the power to regulate the nation’s economy. d. provided vast sums to the states so they could meet their citizens’ welfare needs. f. utilized laissez-faire capitalism in its policies. Answer: c Page: 83 21. National authority has greatly expanded in the twentieth century primarily because a. the states and their citizens have become increasingly interdependent. b. constitutional amendments have opened the way for wider application of national authority. c. the state governments have shown themselves to be an ineffective level of government. d. the Democrats have been in control of Congress for most of the century. g. Americans like the idea of “big government.” Answer: a Page: 85 22. A public policy program that is jointly funded, jointly administered, and jointly determined by both state and national government is an example of a. dual federalism. b. cooperative federalism. c. unitary federalism. d. confederal federalism. g. cosponsor federalism. Answer: b Page: 85 23. Fiscal federalism refers to a. any and all fiscal-policy decisions of the federal government and the states. b. the expenditure of federal funds on programs run in part through state and local governments. c. the federal government’s power to tax. d. the federal government’s power to spend. e. the ability of the states to manipulate federal decision-making. Answer: b Page: 86 24. If a state accepts a federal grant-in-aid, it must a. comply with federal restrictions on its use. b. reimburse the federal government after a specified period. c. match the funds with twice that amount in state funds. d. reduce its income tax rates to adjust for the increased income. g. None of the answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 86 25. Federal grants-in-aid used only for specific projects are called a. categorical grants. b. block grants. c. revenue-sharing grants. d. targeted grants. g. streamlined grants. Answer: a Page: 87 26. The Constitution allows states to a. raise an army in peacetime. b. print money. c. make commercial agreements with other states without the consent of Congress. d. govern intrastate commerce. g. govern interstate commerce. Answer: d Page: 78 27. The Anti-Federalists thought that state-centered government would do a better job than the national government in terms of a. strengthening interstate commerce. b. preserving the nation’s security from foreign invaders. c. protecting and preserving the diversity of interests among the people. d. promoting national unity. g. None of the answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 74 28. The elastic clause is related to which of the following concepts? a. enumerated powers b. reserved powers c. implied powers d. concurrent powers g. All of the answers are correct Answer: c Page: 74 29. opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. a. George Washington b. Patrick Henry c. James Madison d. Benjamin Franklin e. John Adams Answer: b Page: 68 30. Which Supreme Court decision is indicative of the Court’s rulings regarding the Fourteenth Amendment and state discretion in the decades after the Civil War? a. Brown v. Board of Education b. the Dred Scott decision c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. McCulloch v. Maryland g. Gibbons v. Ogden Answer: c Page: 79 31. Which of the following is true of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995? a. All unfunded federal mandates were eliminated. b. Only federal mandates affecting education were eliminated. c. Only federal mandates affecting welfare assistance were eliminated. d. Congress exempted federal mandates dealing with civil liberties and civil rights. g. Congress exempted federal mandates dealing with the environment. Answer: d Page: 90 32. Devolution is a. the passing of authority from the national government to the state and local levels. b. the expansion of national authority that began in the 1930s. c. the contraction of state authority and the expansion of local government authority. d. the expansion of national authority that began in the 1960s. a. None of the answers are correct. Answer: a Page: 84 33. Most of the funding for U.S. public schools comes from a. the national government. b. the state governments. c. the states and localities. d. the national government and the localities. f. the national government and the states. Answer: c Page: 85 34. The federal government’s power to tax, regulate commerce among the states, and to declare war are all examples of powers. a. reserved b. enumerated c. implied d. concurrent g. None of the answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 73 35. Roughly one in every dollars spent by local and state governments in recent decades was raised not by them but by the government in Washington. a. two b. five c. twenty five d. fifty f. one hundred Answer: b Page: 86 36. The nullification doctrine is most closely associated with a. Thomas Jefferson. b. Andrew Jackson. c. Roger B. Taney. d. John C. Calhoun. e. John Marshall. Answer: d Page: 77 37. A blending of state and national authority is associated with federalism, while a separation of national and state authority is associated with federalism. a. dual; fiscal b. dual; cooperative c. cooperative; dual d. picket-fence; cooperative f. cooperative; pyramid Answer: c Page: 85 38. Which of the following is true? a. The federal government has more employees than the state governments combined. b. The federal government has more employees than the local governments. c. The federal government has more employees than the state and local governments combined f. All of these statements are true. g. None of these statements are true. Answer: e Page: 86 39. According to , a large republic is less likely to have an all-powerful faction. a. Patrick Henry b. Alexander Hamilton c. James Madison d. John C. Calhoun f. John Marshall Harlan Answer: c Page: 80 40. The separate but equal standard was created by a. Congress. b. the Supreme Court. c. President William McKinley. d. President Ulysses S. Grant. f. Justice John Marshall Harlan Answer: b Page: 79 41. declared that the 1994 elections marked the end of “1960s style federalism.” a. Ted Kennedy b. Tommy Thompson c. Newt Gingrich d. Bill Clinton f. John Kerry Answer: c Page: 89 42. is an illustration of cooperative federalism. a. The U.S. Postal Service b. Medicaid c. A marriage license d. A driver’s license f. All of the answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 85 43. Political conservatives who favor more political power devolved back to the states prefer a. categorical grants. b. block grants. c. Pell Grants. d. higher tax rates for the wealthy. f. None of the answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 87 44. Sixty-twoFifty-six percent of all tax revenue in the United States is raised by a. the federal government. b. state governments. c. local governments. d. public school districts. f. special districts. Answer: a Page: 86 45. In America today, public education is primarily the responsibility of a. the national government. b. state and local governments. c. the National Education Association (NEA). d. the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). f. the U.S. Department of Education. Answer: b Page: 85 46. Which region of the nation receives the highest percentage of its revenues from the federal government? a. West b. Northeast c. Midwest f. South g. non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii Answer: d Page: 88 47. In key decisions early in the New Deal era, the Supreme Court a. invalidated key pieces of FDR’s New Deal legislation. b. upheld FDR’s “court-packing” proposal. c. ruled that segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment. d. ruled that public accommodations were part of interstate commerce. f. invalidated the commerce clause. Answer: a Page: 81 48. Judicial supremacy in the economic sphere ended abruptly a. after the Civil War. b. during the economic collapse of the 1890s. c. during World War I. d. during the Great Depression. f. during the Vietnam War period. Answer: d Page: 81 49. What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution upon the concept of dual federalism? a. It strengthened the concept. b. It gradually weakened the concept. c. It had no impact at all upon the concept. d. It led to passage of the Tenth Amendment. f. It made the doctrine of nullification a political reality. Answer: b Page: 84 50. From President Abraham Lincoln’s perspective, the decision to wage a civil war against the southern states is best summarized in what fashion? a. States that allowed slavery were no longer sovereign. b. The states were older than the union. c. Southern states had abused the “reserved powers” amendment. d. The union was older than the states. e. None of the answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 78 51. All of the following embraced the “national view” of federalism except a. John Marshall. b. Roger B. Taney. c. Franklin D. Roosevelt. d. Lyndon B. Johnson. f. Alexander Hamilton. Answer: b Page: 77 52. Which choice below describes the American change in governmental structure in 1787? a. unitary to confederal b. confederal to unitary c. federal to unitary d. confederal to federal e. federal to confederal Answer: d Page: 70 Essay/Short Answer 1. Describe the differences between a federal system of government and a unitary system. Answer: The United States has a federal system of government, in which sovereign authority is divided between a national government and state/regional governments. In other words, federalism is a system where sovereignty, or ultimate governing authority, is divided between national and regional governing levels. In a unitary system, sovereignty is vested solely in the national government. 2. Explain the differences between enumerated, implied, and reserved powers. Answer: The powers of the national government are listed (enumerated) in Article I of the Constitution. They are designed primarily to allow the national government to declare war, regulate interstate commerce, issue currency, and establish an army and navy. Implied powers allow the national government a degree of flexibility to enable it to respond to changing circumstances; the necessary and proper clause, also called the elastic clause, gives Congress the power to make all laws that are necessary and proper to the execution of its enumerated powers. All powers not granted to the national government and not denied the states are reserved for the states by the Tenth Amendment, which was meant to guard the states against encroachment by the national government. 3. Beginning with the Articles of Confederation and continuing through the modern period, explain how the commerce power of the national government has related to the issue of national authority. Answer: Under the Articles, the national government had no effective control over commerce, which contributed to the economic problems that resulted in the writing of the Constitution. The Constitution gave the national government the power to regulate interstate commerce, thereby facilitating the development of the United States as a national entity. The Industrial Revolution created an unprecedented degree of national interdependence. Until the 1930s, however, the Supreme Court sharply limited national economic policies by ruling that commerce among the states included transportation but excluded areas related to production (such as the use of child labor). During the New Deal, however, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress’ commerce power was as “broad as the needs of the nation,” opening the constitutional path to a national economy regulated by policies made in Washington, D.C. 4. Explain what is meant by fiscal federalism and describe how it has strengthened the authority of the federal government. Answer: Fiscal federalism refers to the expenditure of federal funds on programs run in part through state and local governments. Fiscal federalism has strengthened federal authority by enabling Washington to use federal funds to influence state and local priorities and place restrictions on how state and local governments conduct programs funded with this money. 5. How has the U.S. Supreme Court contributed to devolution in recent years? Explain. Answer: The U.S. Supreme Court has contributed to devolution by restricting congressional power somewhat. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, along with other justices appointed by presidents Reagan and Bush in particular, believe that Congress in some instances has encroached on the reserved powers of the state and local governments. For example, in United States v. Lopez (1995), the justices struck down a federal law that prohibited the possession of guns within a thousand feet of a school. In Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000), the justices ruled that Congress did not have the authority to require state governments to comply with the federal law that bars discrimination against older workers, and held that the states have the power to decide for themselves the age-related policies that will apply to their employees. In 2002, the Court extended this ban to include people with disabilities in Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett. The individual freedoms in the Bill of Rights were extended by the Fourteenth Amendment to include a. actions of the president. b. the right to libel public officials. c. actions of the federal government. d. actions of state and local governments. c. actions of the U.S. military. Answer: d Page: 98 2. The term civil liberties refers to liberties that a. apply in civil cases but not in criminal cases. b. apply in civil cases but not in military ones. c. are constitutionally protected from infringement by government. d. are constitutionally protected from infringement by individuals. h. are not covered by the First Amendment. Answer: c Page: 98 3. The individual right that is considered to be the most fundamental to the maintenance of a democratic society is a. the right to an attorney. b. freedom of expression. c. the right to a jury trial. d. the right to an adequate education. h. protection against illegal searches and seizures. Answer: b Page: 99 4. Justice Holmes’ “clear and present danger” test holds that government can a. restrict speech that threatens national security. b. restrict any speech of an inflammatory nature. c. imprison political dissidents during time of war without following normal procedures. d. engage in prior restraint of the press whenever national security is at issue. h. restrict speech that is disrespectful to specific classes of citizens. Answer: a Page: 100 5. Like all other rights, the right of free expression is a. spelled out in precise terms in the Bill of Rights. b. not absolute. c. fully respected by public officials. d. protected from action by federal officials but not state officials. h. None of the answers are correct. Answer: b Page: 100 6. The conviction of members of the American Communist party in the early 1950s was upheld as a lawful restriction of the right a. not to incriminate oneself. b. of free expression. c. to a jury trial. d. to confront one’s accusers in a court of law. g. to worship any religion of choice. Answer: b Page: 102 7. All civil liberties are a. so specific in nature that the courts have no difficulty determining how to interpret them. b. conditional—no right is absolute in practice because a right can conflict with other rights and society’s other legitimate interests. c. eventually proven to be unconstitutional at some point. d. contained in the First Amendment. f. known—that is, all rights that citizens have today are exactly the same ones they will have in the future. Answer: b Page: 99 8. The Supreme Court’s position on prior restraint of the press is that a. national security needs are of highest priority. b. only classified government documents are subject to prior restraint. c. prior restraint can never by exercised by government. d. prior restraint should apply only in rare circumstances and that the press is held accountable largely for what is reported rather than by restricting what can be reported. h. prior restraint should be used fairly frequently in a democracy. Answer: d Page: 102 9. Government can lawfully prevent a political rally from taking place a. under no circumstances; people have an unconditional right to express their views. b. when the rally would cost money because of the need for police protection. c. when the views of those holding the rally are unpopular. d. when it can demonstrate clearly that a non-preventable evil will result if the rally is held. h. None of the answers are correct. Answer: d Page: 106 10. The absorption of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment so that these rights are protected from infringements by the state governments is called a. the preferred position doctrine. b. procedural change. c. selective incorporation. d. the absorption doctrine. h. prior restraint. Answer: c Page: 104 11. Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person’s reputation are an example of a. libel. b. slander. c. blasphemy. d. obscenity. h. symbolic speech. Answer: b Page: 106 12. Which of the following is correct with regard to obscenity and the law? a. Obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment. b. Obscenity is never unlawful. c. Child pornography is protected by the First Amendment. d. Obscenity has been easy for courts to define with precision. h. Obscenity is protected under the Ninth Amendment. Answer: a Page: 108 13. The establishment clause prohibits government from a. establishing exceptions to the Bill of Rights. b. establishing exceptions to the Fourteenth Amendment. c. favoring one religion over another or supporting religion over no religion. d. interfering with freedom of assembly. h. interfering with the right to bear arms. Answer: c Page: 109 14. The Supreme Court’s position on tax-supported vouchers for students attending private or parochial schools is that these vouchers are a. unconstitutional. b. constitutional if students have a choice of non-religious private schools as well as religious ones. c. constitutional only in the case of non-religious private schools. d. constitutional only in the case of religious schools. h. constitutional only if the voters approve such vouchers in a referendum. Answer: b Page: 111 15. Prayer in the public schools violates a. the free exercise clause. b. the establishment clause. c. the exclusionary rule. d. procedural due process. g. the clear and present danger test. Answer: b Page: 109 16. If a person yells fire in a crowded theater when there is no fire, and people are hurt in the ensuing panic, that individual abused the right of free speech according to the doctrine of a. malice. b. clear and present danger. c. unreasonable action. d. symbolic speech. g. prior restraint. Answer: b Page: 100 17. The exclusionary rule states that a. federal law cannot be applied in state courts. b. the laws of one state court cannot be applied in the courts of another state. c. after seven years, the statute of limitations applies except in murder cases. d. evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court. h. state law cannot be applied in federal courts. Answer: d Page: 118 18. In Mapp v. Ohio, the exclusionary rule was extended to include a. criminal proceedings in the states. b. civil cases. c. pleas of insanity. d. children (minors) accused of crime. e. indigent litigants. Answer: a Page: 118 19. Justice in the U.S. criminal justice system is defined primarily in terms of whether a. the proper procedures for conviction have been followed. b. those convicted are actually guilty. c. those convicted have the opportunity for appeal. d. those convicted are treated humanely while imprisoned. e. everyone is treated fairly in every case. Answer: a Page: 115 20. Due to the free exercise clause, the Supreme Court ruled that the Amish a. would not have to send their children to school at all. b. could set up their own schools to educate their children. c. did not have to send their children to school past the eighth grade. d. would have to send their children to parochial schools. e. None of the answers are correct. Answer: c Page: 112 21. The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by a. the Civil Rights Act of 1964. b. the Ninth Amendment, which says that people’s rights are not limited to those enumerated in the Constitution. c. the Tenth Amendment, which reserves to the people and the states those powers not granted to the federal government. d. a reasonable interpretation of other constitutional protections of individual rights. a. the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Answer: d Page: 112 22. The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision? a. Roe v. Wade b. Mapp v. Ohio c. Schenck v. United States d. Miranda v. Arizona h. New York Times Co. v. United States Answer: a Page: 112 23. In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the justices a. ruled that states are free to adopt abortion laws of their choosing. b. reaffirmed the right to an abortion in the early months of pregnancy. c. invoked the Ninth Amendment for the first time in an abortion decision. d. invalidated the right to an abortion in the early m