INSY 2303 EXAM 1 review 2022/2023 with complete solutions.

Digital Revolution is an ongoing process of social, political, and economic change brought about by digital technology, such as microchips, computers, and the Internet. Convergence The expansion of cloud computing , a process by which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product. Your computer plays movies. Your cell phone has a camera. Your clock has a radio. 00:05 01:22 The Web is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and audio that can be accessed over the Internet. Cloud Computing which provided access to information, applications, communications, and storage over the Internet. Digital data Text, numbers, graphics, or sound represented by discrete digits, such as 1s and 0s. Analog Data Data that is measured or represented on a continuously varying scale, such as a dimmer switch or a watch with a sweep second hand. Digitization Converting non-digital information or media to a digital format through the use of a scanner, sampler, or other input device. Compression A ratio such as 5:1 indicating the amount of compression that has been applied to a file. High compression ratios such as 35:1 indicate more compression so data can be contained in smaller files. Lossy Any data compression technique in which some of the data is sacrificed to obtain more compression. Lossless A compression technique that is able to reconstitute all of the data in the original file; hence lossless means that this compression technique does not lose data. Image Resolution The number of pixels in an image, usually expressed as horizontal pixels × vertical pixels. Aspect Ratio The ratio of the width and height of an image or display screen. Pixel Interpolation A process that is used by graphics software to average the color of adjacent pixels in an image, usually when the image is enlarged. Audio Sampling Rate The number of times per second a sound is measured during the recording process. Data In the context of computing and data management, data refers to the symbols that a computer uses to represent facts and ideas. Information A computer system that collects, stores, and processes information, usually within the context of an organization. Bitmap An image, such as a digital photo, that is stored as a grid work of colored dots. Vector Graphics An image generated from descriptions that specify the position, length, and direction in which lines and shapes are drawn. Realism the rendering process can take into account the way that light shines on surfaces and creates shadows. 3-D Graphics are based on vectors stored as a set of instructions describing the coordinates for lines and shapes in a three-dimensional space. Vectors Lines and curves that form simple shapes. Rendering In graphics software, the process of creating a 3-D solid image by covering a wireframe drawing and applying computer-generated highlights and shadows. Ease of Editing- Ability to edit vector or bit map. Vector easier to edit Resizing - Ability to resize vector or bitmap. Vector resizes proportionally while bitmap maintains resolution. Ray Tracing A technique by which light and shadows are added to a 3-D image. Instruction Set The collection of instructions that a CPU is designed to process. Software- The instructions that direct a computer to perform a task, interact with a user, or process data. Application- Computer programs that help users perform a specific task such as word processing. Operating system- The software that controls the computer's use of its hardware resources, such as memory and disk storage space. Form factor The configuration of a computer's system unit; examples include tower, mini-tower, and cube. Mainframe is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users. Its processing circuitry is housed in a closet-sized cabinet. Supercomputer at the time of construction, one of the fastest computers in the world Server- A computer or software on a network that supplies the network with data and storage. ALU The part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on the numbers stored in its registers. Control Unit- The part of the microprocessor that directs and coordinates processing. RAM Computer memory circuitry that holds data, program instructions, and the operating system while the computer is on. ROM- Refers to one or more integrated circuits that contain permanent instructions that the computer uses during the boot process. Virtual Memory- A computer's use of hard disk storage to simulate RAM. Magnetic- A technology for recording data onto disks or tape by magnetizing particles of an oxide-based surface coating. Optical- A technology that records data as light and dark spots on a CD, DVD, or other optical media. Cloud A storage area that is located on a remote server, usually on the Internet, rather than on a local storage device. Volatile- A term that describes data (usually in RAM) that can exist only with a constant supply of power. Nonvolatile Any electronic component that does not require a constant supply of power to hold data. Serial processing- Processing data one instruction at a time, completing one instruction before beginning another. Pipelining processing- A technology that allows a processor to begin executing an instruction before completing the previous instruction. Parallel Processing- The simultaneous use of more than one processor to execute a program. Network Node In a network, a connection point; in a hierarchical database, a segment or record type. TCP The protocol within TCP/IP that is responsible for establishing a data connection between two hosts and breaking data into packets. IP- One of the main protocols of TCP/IP; responsible for addressing packets so that they can be routed to their destinations; IPv4 offers 32-bit addresses whereas IPv6 offers 128-bit addresses. Private IP address An IP address that cannot be routed over the Internet. Public IP Address IP addresses that can be routed over the Internet DNS spoofing A malicious attack on the domain name system in which the IP address corresponding to a Web site is changed in order to redirect users to different locations. Symmetric connection Any connection to the Internet in which the upstream speed is the same as the downstream speed Asymmetric Connection A network connection in which the download capacity is different from (usually faster than) the upload capacity. ARPANET- One of the first packet switching computer networks using TCP/IP, and the prototype for the Internet. Internet Backbone The major communications links that form the core of the Internet. ISP- Companies that provide Internet access to businesses, organizations, and individuals. IXP Nodes on the Internet where data from one service provider is transferred to a different service provider. NIC Circuitry, often on an expansion card mounted inside a computer, that transmits and receives data on a local area network. Also called a NIC, network card, or network adapter. Communication Protocols A set of rules that ensures the orderly and accurate transmission and reception of data. Physical protocols Specify cable and signal standards for the channels that carry data