Unit 2: Nutrition to Support Wellness (Cohort 1 Video)
Reading: Macronutrients
-Identify the differences between macronutrients and micronutrients
Macronutrients: are carbs, lipids & proteins. Provides energy needed for growth, thermoregulation,
physical activity, pregnancy/lactation. Needed in larger amts than micronutrients
Micronutrients: vitamins/minerals in small amts for good health/development. Play various roles in
cell metabolism. Deficiencies cause widespread health probs.
-Differentiate the S/S for the following diseases:
Obesity: excess consumption. Increased risk for CAD, some cancers & type 2 diabetes. Puts stress on
knee/ankle joints. Is an energy imbalance, where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Influenced by genetic/environmental factors.
Marasmus: general deficiency of macronutrients. Also called protein-calorie malnutrition.
Kwashiorkor: primarily attributed to deficiency of dietary protein. s/sx include fatigue, irritability,
lethargy, poor growth, apathy, edema, decreased muscle mass, large belly, diarrhea, dermatitis,
change in hair, infections. Can lead to coma/death.
Anorexia nervosa: restricted intake. Body weight @ or < 85% of normal. Intense fear of wt gain,
distorted perception of body wt. 3rd most common condition of adolescents. Common co-morbid
conditions: OCD, depression, anxiety, social phobia. Can lead to decreased micronutrient intake,
which leads to death.
Bulimia nervosa: binge eating f/b purging (vomiting or misuse of laxatives/diuretics). Can lead to
obesity.
Pellagra: Deficiency of Niacin (Vit B3). Characterized by “4 D’s of Pellagra:” dermatitis, diarrhea,
dementia & death.
Reading: Micronutrients
Identify diseases/illness related to specific vitamin deficiencies (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, iron,
iodine, etc.).
Vit C Deficiency (Scurvy): Early signs are bleeding gums/pinpoint hemorrhages under skin, rough
scaly skin, hardening of arteries or massive bleeding can happen & lead to death.
Vit D Deficiency (Rickets): bone formation impaired. Bow legged appearance
Vit A Deficiency: leads to blindness. Even mild deficiency causes diarrhea &
URIs Iron Deficiency (Anemia):
Iodine Deficiency: leads to physical/mental developmental delays.
Reading: Malnutrition
Identify the differences between kwashiorkor and marasmus
Kwashiorkor: Adequate calories, not enough protein. Often occurs in areas of famine, low food
supply, low education levels. Often tropical regions w/ diet high in starch/low in protein. Early RX has
+ results. Without RX, is fatal
Marasmus: means to “waste away.” Is acute form of malnutrition. Deficiency of BOTH calories AND
protein. Most severe form of childhood malnutrition. Body fat stores used for energy & then
muscle is broken down for body fuel. Person appears as skin/bones w/ lg eyes, bald head,
aged/gaunt
appearance. Once severe muscle wasting occurs, death is imminent. Have below norm body temp.
Reading: Treating Malnutrition
Identify effects and treatments for malnutrition
Has adverse effects on physical/psychosocial wellbeing by predisposing to disease. Mostly treatable
by optimizing food intake & using oral nutritional supplements. Effects: poor health, increased
infections, increased hosp admits, longer recovery time, increased dependency, more MD visits,
, higher medicine costs, higher rate of admits to nsg home, decreased muscle strength, inactivity,
impaired temp regulation, electrolyte/fluid imbalance. Must screen for BMI < 18.5, recent
unintentional wt loss, no intake > 5 days. “Food first” approach, then oral nutritional supplements
(ONS)
Reading: Chapter 1: Applying Nutrition Science to Public Health ((PLEASE ACCESS THE CHAPTER
THROUGH THE UNIT 2 COURSE MATERIAL IF THE LINK DOES NOT WORK FOR YOU)
Briefly define HEI, NHANES, DGA, and the foods/products regulated by the FDA/USDA.
HEI: Healthy Eating Index. Uses a scoring system to evaluate a set of foods. Scores range from 0-100.
An ideal overall HEI score of 100 reflects that the set of foods aligns w/ key dietary
recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Scoring metric is composed of 12
subcomponents, 9 of which receive “adequacy scores” (total fruit, whole fruit, total veggies, greens
& beans, whole grains, dairy, total protein foods, seafood & plant proteins, & fatty acid ratios) & a
higher score indicates higher consumption. 3 remaining subcomponents (refined grains, sodium &
empty calories) & a higher score indicates lower consumption.
NHANES: National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey. Is a program of studies designed to
assess the health/nutritional status of the US population? Survey combines health interviews &
physical exams w/ dietary info. A goal is to estimate the # & % of persons in the US with selected
diseases & risk factors. They monitor trends of selected diseases. They study the r/s between diet,
nutrition & health. They establish & maintain a national probability sample of baseline info on
health & nutritional status. Collects information on supplement & prescription med intake, food
security, some consumer behaviors & anthropometrics. The integrated dietary component of the
NHANES is titled “What We Eat in America.”
DGA: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Published every 5 years by the HHS & USDA. These are the
foundation of federal nutrition policy, nutrition education programs & information activities. They
are evidence-based recommendations for food (& some nutrient intake) designed to promote
health & reduce risk of chronic disease for healthy Americans 2 yrs & older.
FDA: regulates domestic poultry, red meat (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, mules & other equine), egg
products & products with more than 3% raw meat, 2% cooked meat or other portions of the carcass
or 30% or more fat, tallow or other meat extract, alone or in combination. They regulate products
with 2% or more cooked poultry or more than 10% poultry skins, giblets, fat and poultry meat in any
combination.
USDA: regulates non-specified poultry (wild turkeys, ducks & geese), non-specified red meats
(bison, rabbits, game animals, zoo animals & members of the deer family including elk & moose),
shells eggs of domestic chickens, turkeys, ducks. They also regulate products with less than 3% raw
meat, 2% cooked meat or other portions of the carcass or less than 30% fat, tallow or other meat
extract, alone or in combination. They regulate products with less than 2% cooked poultry or less
than 10%
poultry skins, giblets, fat and poultry meat in any combination.
What changes were made when DRIs were established in the late 1990s?
The DRI extended & replaced the former RDAs (Recommended Daily Allowance) & the Canadian
Recommended Nutrient Intakes.
They are specified on age, gender & life stage (e.g., pregnancy or lactation).
Reading: Macronutrients
-Identify the differences between macronutrients and micronutrients
Macronutrients: are carbs, lipids & proteins. Provides energy needed for growth, thermoregulation,
physical activity, pregnancy/lactation. Needed in larger amts than micronutrients
Micronutrients: vitamins/minerals in small amts for good health/development. Play various roles in
cell metabolism. Deficiencies cause widespread health probs.
-Differentiate the S/S for the following diseases:
Obesity: excess consumption. Increased risk for CAD, some cancers & type 2 diabetes. Puts stress on
knee/ankle joints. Is an energy imbalance, where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Influenced by genetic/environmental factors.
Marasmus: general deficiency of macronutrients. Also called protein-calorie malnutrition.
Kwashiorkor: primarily attributed to deficiency of dietary protein. s/sx include fatigue, irritability,
lethargy, poor growth, apathy, edema, decreased muscle mass, large belly, diarrhea, dermatitis,
change in hair, infections. Can lead to coma/death.
Anorexia nervosa: restricted intake. Body weight @ or < 85% of normal. Intense fear of wt gain,
distorted perception of body wt. 3rd most common condition of adolescents. Common co-morbid
conditions: OCD, depression, anxiety, social phobia. Can lead to decreased micronutrient intake,
which leads to death.
Bulimia nervosa: binge eating f/b purging (vomiting or misuse of laxatives/diuretics). Can lead to
obesity.
Pellagra: Deficiency of Niacin (Vit B3). Characterized by “4 D’s of Pellagra:” dermatitis, diarrhea,
dementia & death.
Reading: Micronutrients
Identify diseases/illness related to specific vitamin deficiencies (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, iron,
iodine, etc.).
Vit C Deficiency (Scurvy): Early signs are bleeding gums/pinpoint hemorrhages under skin, rough
scaly skin, hardening of arteries or massive bleeding can happen & lead to death.
Vit D Deficiency (Rickets): bone formation impaired. Bow legged appearance
Vit A Deficiency: leads to blindness. Even mild deficiency causes diarrhea &
URIs Iron Deficiency (Anemia):
Iodine Deficiency: leads to physical/mental developmental delays.
Reading: Malnutrition
Identify the differences between kwashiorkor and marasmus
Kwashiorkor: Adequate calories, not enough protein. Often occurs in areas of famine, low food
supply, low education levels. Often tropical regions w/ diet high in starch/low in protein. Early RX has
+ results. Without RX, is fatal
Marasmus: means to “waste away.” Is acute form of malnutrition. Deficiency of BOTH calories AND
protein. Most severe form of childhood malnutrition. Body fat stores used for energy & then
muscle is broken down for body fuel. Person appears as skin/bones w/ lg eyes, bald head,
aged/gaunt
appearance. Once severe muscle wasting occurs, death is imminent. Have below norm body temp.
Reading: Treating Malnutrition
Identify effects and treatments for malnutrition
Has adverse effects on physical/psychosocial wellbeing by predisposing to disease. Mostly treatable
by optimizing food intake & using oral nutritional supplements. Effects: poor health, increased
infections, increased hosp admits, longer recovery time, increased dependency, more MD visits,
, higher medicine costs, higher rate of admits to nsg home, decreased muscle strength, inactivity,
impaired temp regulation, electrolyte/fluid imbalance. Must screen for BMI < 18.5, recent
unintentional wt loss, no intake > 5 days. “Food first” approach, then oral nutritional supplements
(ONS)
Reading: Chapter 1: Applying Nutrition Science to Public Health ((PLEASE ACCESS THE CHAPTER
THROUGH THE UNIT 2 COURSE MATERIAL IF THE LINK DOES NOT WORK FOR YOU)
Briefly define HEI, NHANES, DGA, and the foods/products regulated by the FDA/USDA.
HEI: Healthy Eating Index. Uses a scoring system to evaluate a set of foods. Scores range from 0-100.
An ideal overall HEI score of 100 reflects that the set of foods aligns w/ key dietary
recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Scoring metric is composed of 12
subcomponents, 9 of which receive “adequacy scores” (total fruit, whole fruit, total veggies, greens
& beans, whole grains, dairy, total protein foods, seafood & plant proteins, & fatty acid ratios) & a
higher score indicates higher consumption. 3 remaining subcomponents (refined grains, sodium &
empty calories) & a higher score indicates lower consumption.
NHANES: National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey. Is a program of studies designed to
assess the health/nutritional status of the US population? Survey combines health interviews &
physical exams w/ dietary info. A goal is to estimate the # & % of persons in the US with selected
diseases & risk factors. They monitor trends of selected diseases. They study the r/s between diet,
nutrition & health. They establish & maintain a national probability sample of baseline info on
health & nutritional status. Collects information on supplement & prescription med intake, food
security, some consumer behaviors & anthropometrics. The integrated dietary component of the
NHANES is titled “What We Eat in America.”
DGA: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Published every 5 years by the HHS & USDA. These are the
foundation of federal nutrition policy, nutrition education programs & information activities. They
are evidence-based recommendations for food (& some nutrient intake) designed to promote
health & reduce risk of chronic disease for healthy Americans 2 yrs & older.
FDA: regulates domestic poultry, red meat (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, mules & other equine), egg
products & products with more than 3% raw meat, 2% cooked meat or other portions of the carcass
or 30% or more fat, tallow or other meat extract, alone or in combination. They regulate products
with 2% or more cooked poultry or more than 10% poultry skins, giblets, fat and poultry meat in any
combination.
USDA: regulates non-specified poultry (wild turkeys, ducks & geese), non-specified red meats
(bison, rabbits, game animals, zoo animals & members of the deer family including elk & moose),
shells eggs of domestic chickens, turkeys, ducks. They also regulate products with less than 3% raw
meat, 2% cooked meat or other portions of the carcass or less than 30% fat, tallow or other meat
extract, alone or in combination. They regulate products with less than 2% cooked poultry or less
than 10%
poultry skins, giblets, fat and poultry meat in any combination.
What changes were made when DRIs were established in the late 1990s?
The DRI extended & replaced the former RDAs (Recommended Daily Allowance) & the Canadian
Recommended Nutrient Intakes.
They are specified on age, gender & life stage (e.g., pregnancy or lactation).
