Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Contents
Logic .............................................................................................................................. 8
Express Terms – Identification (1) ............................................................................ 8
By Signature ................................................................................................................. 8
I – THE EFFECT OF SIGNATURE .................................................................... 8
L‟Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 .................................................... 8
II – EXCEPTIONS TO THE SIGNATURE RULE .......................................... 9
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing [1951] 1 KB 805 .............................. 10
Toll (FGCT) v Alphapharm (2004) 219 CLR 165 ..............................................11
III – CRITICISM OF THE RULE ................................................................... 13
By Notice ................................................................................................................. 13
I – TIMING.................................................................................................................... 14
Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Company v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197. 14
II – KNOWLEDGE/NOTICE..................................................................................16
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163 .............................................17
III – UNUSUAL TERMS .................................................................................... 19
Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (“The Mikhail Lermontov”) (1991) 22 NSWLR
1 .......................................................................................................................... 20
By Course of Dealing ........................................................................................... 21
Rinaldi & Patroni v Precision Mouldings (1986) WAR 131 ............................22
Balmain New Ferry v Robertson (1906) 4 CLR 379 ........................................23
Express Terms – Identification (2) ...........................................................................24
Parol Evidence Rule ............................................................................................. 24
I – DETERMINING WHETHER A CONTRACT IS WHOLLY WRITTEN. 24
State Rail Authority of NSW v Heath Outdoor (1986) 7 NSWLR 170 .........25
II – EXCEPTIONS TO THE PAROL EVIDENCE RULE .............................. 27
Hoyt‟s v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133 ............................................................. 28
Saleh v Romanous [2010] NSWCA 274 ............................................................... 29
III – PRE-CONTRACTUAL STATEMENTS .................................................... 31
Equuscorp v Glengallan Investments (2004) 218 CLR 271 ...........................33
JJ Savage & Sons v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435............................................34
Oscar Chess v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370.......................................................35
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,Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Dick Bentley Productions v Harold Smith (Motors) [1965] 2 All ER 65 ......36
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, Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Express Terms – Construction ...................................................................................37
Principles of Construction ................................................................................. 37
Parol Evidence Rule ............................................................................................. 38
I– SURROUNDING CIRCUMSTANCES ....................................................... 38
Western Export Services v Jireh International [2011] HCA 45 .....................39
Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251
CLR 640 ..................................................................................................................41
Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37
................................................................................................................................................. 41
II – APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES ............................................................. 44
Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust v South Sydney City Council
(2002) 240 CLR 45................................................................................................44
Pacific Carriers v BNP Paribas (2004) 218 CLR 451 ......................................46
Exemption Clauses .....................................................................................................48
III – CONTRA PREFERENTUM ...................................................................... 48
Darlington Futures v Delco Aust (1986) 161 CLR 500 ...................................48
IV – NEGLIGENCE .................................................................................................50
Davis v Pearce Parking Station (1954) 91 CLR 642 ........................................50
V – FOUR CORNERS ......................................................................................... 52
Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v May & Baker
(Australia) Pty Ltd (1966) 115 CLR 353 ............................................................52
Implied Terms ................................................................................................................53
Implied In Fact ...................................................................................................... 54
Byrne v Australian Airlines; Frew v Australian Airlines (1995) 185 CLR
410 ...........................................................................................................................56
Codelfa Construction v State Rail Authority of NSW (1982) 149 CLR 337 59
Implied In Law ...................................................................................................... 61
University of Western Australia v Gray (2009) 179 FCR 346 ........................61
Implied From Custom .......................................................................................... 63
Con-Stan Industries of Aust v Norwich Winterthur Ins (Aust) (1986) 160
CLR 226 ..................................................................................................................63
Australian Consumer Law (ACL).......................................................................... 64
Overview of ACL Provisions ....................................................................................64
INTRODUCTION TO ACL ................................................................................. 64
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROTECTIONS ..................................................... 65
Part 2 – 1: Misleading or Deceptive Conduct (ss 18-19) .......................65
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, Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Part 2 – 2: Unconscionable Conduct (ss 20-22)..................................... 65
Part 2 – 3: Unfair contract terms (ss 23-28) .......................................... 66
CHAPTER 3 – SPECIFIC PROTECTIONS ...................................................... 69
Part 3 – 1: Unfair practices (ss 29-38).........................................................69
Part 3 – 2: Consumer Transactions (ss 51-68) ....................................... 69
CHAPTER 5 – ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES (ss 218-287).............. 71
Standard Form Contracting ............................................................................... 73
I– INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 73
II – COSTS AND BENEFITS OF STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS ........ 73
III – THE ROLE OF COMPETITION .............................................................. 74
IV – MARKET FAILURE AND SOCIAL FORCES ........................................ 75
Frustration .......................................................................................................................76
Introduction to Frustration ............................................................................... 76
I – THE TEST FOR FRUSTRATION ............................................................... 76
II – OTHER TESTS PROVIDED IN EARLIER THEORIES ........................ 77
Taylor v Caldwell [1863] EWHC QB J1 ..............................................................77
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740............................................................................79
Brisbane City Council v Group Projects (1979) 145 CLR 143 .......................81
Limitations and Consequences ......................................................................... 84
I– LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................... 84
II – CONSEQUENCES............................................................................................85
Termination .....................................................................................................................85
By Agreement ..............................................................................................................85
I – ORIGINAL AGREEMENT ........................................................................... 85
II – SUBSEQUENT AGREEMENT .................................................................. 86
By Failure of Contingent Condition .............................................................. 87
I – FOUR CATEGORIES OF CC ..................................................................... 88
II – THE DUTY TO CO-OPERATE................................................................... 89
III – CONSEQUENCES OF NON-FULFILMENT ......................................... 91
IV – RESTICTIONS ON RIGHT TO TERMINATE FOR NON-
FULFILMENT OF CONDITION .................................................................... 95
By Breach .....................................................................................................................96
I – WHAT CONSTITUTES BREACH OF CONTRACT? ............................... 96
II – TERMINATION FOR BREACH OF A CONDITION ............................. 97
P a g e 4 | 264
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Contents
Logic .............................................................................................................................. 8
Express Terms – Identification (1) ............................................................................ 8
By Signature ................................................................................................................. 8
I – THE EFFECT OF SIGNATURE .................................................................... 8
L‟Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 .................................................... 8
II – EXCEPTIONS TO THE SIGNATURE RULE .......................................... 9
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing [1951] 1 KB 805 .............................. 10
Toll (FGCT) v Alphapharm (2004) 219 CLR 165 ..............................................11
III – CRITICISM OF THE RULE ................................................................... 13
By Notice ................................................................................................................. 13
I – TIMING.................................................................................................................... 14
Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Company v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197. 14
II – KNOWLEDGE/NOTICE..................................................................................16
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163 .............................................17
III – UNUSUAL TERMS .................................................................................... 19
Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (“The Mikhail Lermontov”) (1991) 22 NSWLR
1 .......................................................................................................................... 20
By Course of Dealing ........................................................................................... 21
Rinaldi & Patroni v Precision Mouldings (1986) WAR 131 ............................22
Balmain New Ferry v Robertson (1906) 4 CLR 379 ........................................23
Express Terms – Identification (2) ...........................................................................24
Parol Evidence Rule ............................................................................................. 24
I – DETERMINING WHETHER A CONTRACT IS WHOLLY WRITTEN. 24
State Rail Authority of NSW v Heath Outdoor (1986) 7 NSWLR 170 .........25
II – EXCEPTIONS TO THE PAROL EVIDENCE RULE .............................. 27
Hoyt‟s v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133 ............................................................. 28
Saleh v Romanous [2010] NSWCA 274 ............................................................... 29
III – PRE-CONTRACTUAL STATEMENTS .................................................... 31
Equuscorp v Glengallan Investments (2004) 218 CLR 271 ...........................33
JJ Savage & Sons v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435............................................34
Oscar Chess v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370.......................................................35
P a g e 1 | 264
,Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Dick Bentley Productions v Harold Smith (Motors) [1965] 2 All ER 65 ......36
P a g e 2 | 264
, Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Express Terms – Construction ...................................................................................37
Principles of Construction ................................................................................. 37
Parol Evidence Rule ............................................................................................. 38
I– SURROUNDING CIRCUMSTANCES ....................................................... 38
Western Export Services v Jireh International [2011] HCA 45 .....................39
Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251
CLR 640 ..................................................................................................................41
Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37
................................................................................................................................................. 41
II – APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES ............................................................. 44
Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust v South Sydney City Council
(2002) 240 CLR 45................................................................................................44
Pacific Carriers v BNP Paribas (2004) 218 CLR 451 ......................................46
Exemption Clauses .....................................................................................................48
III – CONTRA PREFERENTUM ...................................................................... 48
Darlington Futures v Delco Aust (1986) 161 CLR 500 ...................................48
IV – NEGLIGENCE .................................................................................................50
Davis v Pearce Parking Station (1954) 91 CLR 642 ........................................50
V – FOUR CORNERS ......................................................................................... 52
Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v May & Baker
(Australia) Pty Ltd (1966) 115 CLR 353 ............................................................52
Implied Terms ................................................................................................................53
Implied In Fact ...................................................................................................... 54
Byrne v Australian Airlines; Frew v Australian Airlines (1995) 185 CLR
410 ...........................................................................................................................56
Codelfa Construction v State Rail Authority of NSW (1982) 149 CLR 337 59
Implied In Law ...................................................................................................... 61
University of Western Australia v Gray (2009) 179 FCR 346 ........................61
Implied From Custom .......................................................................................... 63
Con-Stan Industries of Aust v Norwich Winterthur Ins (Aust) (1986) 160
CLR 226 ..................................................................................................................63
Australian Consumer Law (ACL).......................................................................... 64
Overview of ACL Provisions ....................................................................................64
INTRODUCTION TO ACL ................................................................................. 64
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROTECTIONS ..................................................... 65
Part 2 – 1: Misleading or Deceptive Conduct (ss 18-19) .......................65
P a g e 3 | 264
, Summary LPC Notes Advanced Commercial Litigation
Revision notes (Distinction) 2022
Part 2 – 2: Unconscionable Conduct (ss 20-22)..................................... 65
Part 2 – 3: Unfair contract terms (ss 23-28) .......................................... 66
CHAPTER 3 – SPECIFIC PROTECTIONS ...................................................... 69
Part 3 – 1: Unfair practices (ss 29-38).........................................................69
Part 3 – 2: Consumer Transactions (ss 51-68) ....................................... 69
CHAPTER 5 – ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES (ss 218-287).............. 71
Standard Form Contracting ............................................................................... 73
I– INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 73
II – COSTS AND BENEFITS OF STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS ........ 73
III – THE ROLE OF COMPETITION .............................................................. 74
IV – MARKET FAILURE AND SOCIAL FORCES ........................................ 75
Frustration .......................................................................................................................76
Introduction to Frustration ............................................................................... 76
I – THE TEST FOR FRUSTRATION ............................................................... 76
II – OTHER TESTS PROVIDED IN EARLIER THEORIES ........................ 77
Taylor v Caldwell [1863] EWHC QB J1 ..............................................................77
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740............................................................................79
Brisbane City Council v Group Projects (1979) 145 CLR 143 .......................81
Limitations and Consequences ......................................................................... 84
I– LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................... 84
II – CONSEQUENCES............................................................................................85
Termination .....................................................................................................................85
By Agreement ..............................................................................................................85
I – ORIGINAL AGREEMENT ........................................................................... 85
II – SUBSEQUENT AGREEMENT .................................................................. 86
By Failure of Contingent Condition .............................................................. 87
I – FOUR CATEGORIES OF CC ..................................................................... 88
II – THE DUTY TO CO-OPERATE................................................................... 89
III – CONSEQUENCES OF NON-FULFILMENT ......................................... 91
IV – RESTICTIONS ON RIGHT TO TERMINATE FOR NON-
FULFILMENT OF CONDITION .................................................................... 95
By Breach .....................................................................................................................96
I – WHAT CONSTITUTES BREACH OF CONTRACT? ............................... 96
II – TERMINATION FOR BREACH OF A CONDITION ............................. 97
P a g e 4 | 264
