NATS 1870 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it focus images by -
ANSWERchanging the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing it
(lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because - ANSWERcornea itself is mostly
made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction (lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would - ANSWERbe completely blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common between them, the
eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent functionality known as - ANSWERtransduction
(lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols? - ANSWERcolours are symbols for different light
stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function - ANSWERtrue (lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly packaged crystalline
fibres, cornea and lens remain - ANSWERtransparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like? - ANSWERin black and white only, using rods (lesson 13)
,which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the cones can be found? -
ANSWERD (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what is it? -
ANSWERdistinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to be the MOST known
and understood by science? - ANSWERanatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who is near sighted? -
ANSWERc (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming light? - ANSWERall
contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
the opponent colour system - ANSWERsubtracts cone signals from each other, to distinguish colours
(lesson 13)
the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history. rank their first
appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent - ANSWERL-S-M (lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors? - ANSWERthey are all mostly concentrated at the
fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural cells, there are no
photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
,(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect? - ANSWERit is not the
pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)? - ANSWERcornea and
lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision over dichromatic? -
ANSWERability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson 13)
"what colour" is a question that - ANSWERinvolves both objective and physical explanations involving
light and subjective descriptions of the brain's perceptions (lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe - ANSWERthe passing of an electric signal inside a neural
cell (lesson 14)
why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod vision? - ANSWERdue to
cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single neuron receiving its signal (lesson
14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed and converted into a
neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them? - ANSWERThere is a drop in neurotransmitters
being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson 14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle) versus cones-to-ganglion-
cells shows, - ANSWER'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision' since output from multiple rods
converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to fire (lesson 14)
, according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for our eyes to completely
adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the bright outdoors for example)? - ANSWERat
least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength of light because -
ANSWEReach type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment molecule with a different
absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants - ANSWERcan mostly perceive only images with
high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal? - ANSWERcharged ion (lesson 14)
which of these neural cells in the retina make the immediate contact with the photoreceptor cells at the
synaptic layer? - ANSWERboth bipolar and horizontal cells (lesson 14)
neurotransmitters are - ANSWERmolecules sent across a synaptic gap to transmit a neural signal
between two separate neurons (lesson 14)
the overall photo-transduction of light is achieved by - ANSWERphysical and chemical changes inside the
photoreceptor cell (lesson 14)
after absorbing an incoming photon, the photopigments (like rhodopsin in the rods) will cause the
photoactivation sequence to start, in which - ANSWERcharged ions will be blocked from passing through
the cell membrane of the photoreceptors (lesson 14)
this diagram of a typical retina section shows that - ANSWERbipolar cells are usually the first neurons
connected to the photo receptors, while ganglion cells are the last ones in this writing network (lesson
14)
through accommodation, your eye can change its refractive power to help it focus images by -
ANSWERchanging the shape of the lens itself, via attached ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing it
(lesson 13)
we have blurry vision in water (such as in a swimming pool) because - ANSWERcornea itself is mostly
made of water, reducing the difference in indices of refraction (lesson 13)
a person born with no (functioning) retina in his eyes would - ANSWERbe completely blind (lesson 13)
although the eye and camera share the light capturing functionalities in common between them, the
eye differs from a camera in another key subsequent functionality known as - ANSWERtransduction
(lesson 13)
in what sense might we be using colours as symbols? - ANSWERcolours are symbols for different light
stimuli (lesson 13)
t or f: cones require brighter lighting conditions than rods to function - ANSWERtrue (lesson 13)
without any blood vessels attached to them, and themselves composed of tightly packaged crystalline
fibres, cornea and lens remain - ANSWERtransparent (lesson 13)
what was the earliest form of vision like? - ANSWERin black and white only, using rods (lesson 13)
,which labelled position in this diagram indicated the location where most of the cones can be found? -
ANSWERD (lesson 13)
the image below shows an example of one of our important uses of colour. what is it? -
ANSWERdistinguishing objects from one another (lesson 13)
out of the following aspects involved in colour vision, which one is considered to be the MOST known
and understood by science? - ANSWERanatomy of the eye (lesson 13)
which of these three diagrams shows how an image is focused in someone who is near sighted? -
ANSWERc (lesson 13)
which parts of the human eye do NOT contribute to the focusing of the incoming light? - ANSWERall
contribute to focusing (all: cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens)
(lesson 13)
the opponent colour system - ANSWERsubtracts cone signals from each other, to distinguish colours
(lesson 13)
the S, M and L type cones evolved in past organisms at different times in history. rank their first
appearance in chronological order, from oldest to most recent - ANSWERL-S-M (lesson 13)
which of these is NOT true about the photoreceptors? - ANSWERthey are all mostly concentrated at the
fovea
(true things: there are about 100 million of them in each human eye, they are neural cells, there are no
photoreceptors at the blind spot of each eye)
,(lesson 13)
why are the terms 'pupil dilation' and 'pupil constriction' technically incorrect? - ANSWERit is not the
pupil itself that dilates or constricts (lesson 13)
almost all of the refraction of light in the eye is accomplished by which part(s)? - ANSWERcornea and
lens (lesson 13)
what would be an advantage for an organism to have trichromatic colour vision over dichromatic? -
ANSWERability to better distinguish differences between colours (lesson 13)
"what colour" is a question that - ANSWERinvolves both objective and physical explanations involving
light and subjective descriptions of the brain's perceptions (lesson 13)
the term 'action potential' is used to describe - ANSWERthe passing of an electric signal inside a neural
cell (lesson 14)
why is cone vision higher in acuity (sharpness of detail perceived) than rod vision? - ANSWERdue to
cones' low convergence, with each single cone connected to a single neuron receiving its signal (lesson
14)
how do the bipolar and horizontal cells 'know' that a photon had been absorbed and converted into a
neural signal by the photoreceptor cell before them? - ANSWERThere is a drop in neurotransmitters
being sent to them from the photoreceptor. (lesson 14)
As this diagram of the 'electrical wiring' of rods-to-ganglion-cell (red circle) versus cones-to-ganglion-
cells shows, - ANSWER'rod-vision' is more sensitive than 'cone-vision' since output from multiple rods
converges together to trigger a single ganglion cell to fire (lesson 14)
, according to the dark adaptation curves shown below, how long will it take for our eyes to completely
adapt to darkness (after coming into a dark room from the bright outdoors for example)? - ANSWERat
least 20 minutes (lesson 14)
each of our 3 types of cone receptors are more sensitive to a different wavelength of light because -
ANSWEReach type of cone photo receptors contains a photo pigment molecule with a different
absorption spectrum (lesson 14)
due to their initially undeveloped visual acuity, infants - ANSWERcan mostly perceive only images with
high bright/dark contrast, and up close (lesson 14)
a photon is to light as ____ is to a neural signal? - ANSWERcharged ion (lesson 14)
which of these neural cells in the retina make the immediate contact with the photoreceptor cells at the
synaptic layer? - ANSWERboth bipolar and horizontal cells (lesson 14)
neurotransmitters are - ANSWERmolecules sent across a synaptic gap to transmit a neural signal
between two separate neurons (lesson 14)
the overall photo-transduction of light is achieved by - ANSWERphysical and chemical changes inside the
photoreceptor cell (lesson 14)
after absorbing an incoming photon, the photopigments (like rhodopsin in the rods) will cause the
photoactivation sequence to start, in which - ANSWERcharged ions will be blocked from passing through
the cell membrane of the photoreceptors (lesson 14)
this diagram of a typical retina section shows that - ANSWERbipolar cells are usually the first neurons
connected to the photo receptors, while ganglion cells are the last ones in this writing network (lesson
14)
