BCBA exam-PASStheBIGABAEXAM

BCBA exam-PASStheBIGABAEXAM 3 levels of scientific understanding ans: DPC Description Prediction Control Description ans: Systematic observations that can be quantified & classified Prediction ans: AKA: correlation; covariation 2 events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not mean one causes the other Control ans: AKA: causation Functional relation. The highest level of scientific understanding. Experimental demonstration that manipulating one event (IV) results in another event (DV). 6 attitudes of science Philosophical assumptions of bx ans: DEER PP Determinism Empiricism Experimentation Replication Parimony Philosophical Doubt Determinism ans: Cause & effect Lawfulness Orderly & predictable Empiricism ans: Facts Experimental, data-based scientific approach, drawing upon observation & experience. Requires objective qualification & detailed description of events. Experimentation ans: Basic strategy of most sciences. Requires manipulating variables to see effects on DV. Experiment to determine if one event caused another. Replication ans: Repeating experiments Parisomy ans: The simplest theory. All simple & logical explanations must be ruled out first before complex explanations. Philosophical Doubt ans: Having healthy skepticism & a critical eye 7 dimensions of ABA ans: BATCAGE or GET A CAB Behavioral Applied Technological Conceptually Systematic Analytic Generality Effective Behavioral ans: Observable events. Must be a bx in need of improvement. Applied ans: Socially significant bxs Technological ans: Procedures clearly & precisely so they are replicable. RECIPE Conceptually Systematic ans: Procedures should be based on principles of ABA Analytic ans: AKA: Functional Relation, Experimentation, Control, Causation A functional relation is demonstrated. Generality ans: AKA: Generalization Extends bx change across time, settings, or other bxs Effective ans: Improves bx in a practical manner Mentalism Terminology ans: Hypothetical Constructs Explanatory Fictions Circular Reasoning 4 Branches of Behavior Analysis ans: CASE Conceptual Analysis of Behavior ABA Behavior Service Delivery Experimental Analysis of Bx (EAB) 2 types of bx ans: Respondent Operant Respondent Bx ans: AKA: Reflex, Reflexive Relations, Unconditioned, US-UR Elicited Involuntary Reflex Habituation Habituation ans: Eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly that respondent bx diminishes Phylogenic ans: Bx that is genetic Respondent conditioning ans: AKA: Classical Conditioning, Pavlovian Conditioning, S-S Pairing, CS-CR When new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents. Operant Behavior ans: AKA: S-R-S, 3 term contingency, ABC Emit/evoke Bx whose probability is determined by its history of consequences. Voluntary action. Operants defined in terms of their relationship to controlling variables. FUNCTION. Encompasses both reinforcement & punishment. Adaptation Adaptation ans: Reductions in responding by repeated or prolonged presentation to antecedent stimulus. Ontogentic ans: Learning that results from interactions with environment Operant Contingency ans: AKA: Behavioral Contingency, Contingency, 3-term Contingency, ABC The occasion for a response (SD), the response, & the outcome. The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the bx. Reinforcer or punisher is "contingent" on a bx 3-term contingency ABC ans: What is the primary analysis in ABA? Contiguity ans: When 2 stimuli occur close together in time, resulting in an association of those 2 stimuli. 3 Principles of Bx ans: PER Punishment Extinction Reinforcement All strategies are derived from these 3 principles. applied ans: ABA is a(n) _______ science. ABA ans: A scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant bx & for developing a technology of bx change that is practical & applicable Science ans: To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study (socially significant bxs) Response ans: A single instance of bx. Behavior ans: Larger set/class or responses that share physical dimensions or functions. Response Class ans: A group of bxs that comprise an operant. Operant: Response-consequence relationship. Similar bxs that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning. Yes. Can widely vary in form but are limited in topographical variations. ans: Can responses in the same response class look different? Repertoire ans: 1. All bxs that an individual can do. 2. A collection of knowledge & skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task. Environment ans: Complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance. All bx occurs within an environmental context. Stimulus ans: Physical events that affect the bx of an individual. Internal or external to the individual. An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells. Stimulus Class ans: A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class. Group members of a stimulus class tend to evoke or abate the same bx or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions. 3 Types of Stimulus Classes ans: FTF (For The Fun) Formal: Physical features Temporal: time Functional: effect of the stimulus on the bx, can be multiple functions of a single stimulus Feature Stimulus Class ans: Stimuli share: common topographies relative relations INFINITE number of stimuli developed through stimulus generalization Arbitrary Stimulus Class ans: Stimuli that evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship. LIMITED number of stimuli Developed through stimulus equivalence. Consequences ans: Only affect FUTURE bx. Consequences select response classes, NOT individual responses. Immediate consequences have the greatest effect. Automaticity (of R & P) ans: A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work. Automatic Reinforcement ans: AKA: Sensory, Self-Stimualtory Bxs, Stereotypy Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Because it feels good! WARNING!! What looks like automatic reinforcement (i.e. hand flapping) might not be. Automatic Punishment ans: Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Reinforcement ans: Does NOT only strengthen rate. Also strengthen: -Duration -Latency -Magnitude -Topography What happens right before reinforcement will be reinforced. Delayed consequence are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence bx. What Reinforcement Does ans: -Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant. -Changes what comes after bx & what comes before bx. -Creates stimulus control -depends on motivation Unwanted effects of Reinforcement ans: -Effects of reinforcement can be temporary. -Ethical concerns arise from the severity of the EO that occasions the bx. -Relying on the use of contrived reinforcers as opposed to natural reinforcers. -Using potential reinforcers that may be harmful to long-term health or require undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs NOT TRUE -Giving reinforcement will result in loss of intrinsic motivation. -People confusing reinforcement with bribery. Reinforcement TRUMPS Punishment ans: You should recommend reinforcement rather than punishment WHENEVER POSSIBLE Positive Reinforcement ans: AKA: Type 1 Reinforcement; Sr+ A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions. MOST IMPORTANT & WIDELY USED CONCEPT IN ABA. 5 Types of Positive Reinforcers ans: EATSS Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory Negative Reinforcement ans: AKA: Type II Reinforcement; Sr- A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the REDUCTION or REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions. 2 Types of Negative Reinforcement ans: 1. Escape 2. Avoidance Escape ans: A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus. Avoidance ans: A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus. 2 Types: -Discriminated Avoidance -Free-Operant Avoidance Discriminated Avoidance ans: A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. Free-Operant Avoidance ans: NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time. Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement ans: Creating an aversive condition for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs! Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement ans: AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer; Unlearned Reinforcer A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing without any other form of reinforcement. -No learning history required. -Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs. Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement ans: AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer; Learned Reinforcer When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers. -Learning history required. -Products of ontogency. Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer ans: AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned & conditioned reinforcers. -Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness. -They are likely to be reinforcing at any time. -Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences. Punishment ans: AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar responses. -Defined by function, not topography. -Defined by future effects on bx. -2-term contingency: Behavior--Consequence -Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others. Threats are not punishment ans: If a person stops a bx when you threaten them, this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment. Recovery from Punishment ans: When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx are not permanent. Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement. Unwanted effect of Punishment ans: -Society dislikes this -Effect of punishment can be temporary -People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx. -Does not address the cause of the challenging bx -Emotional & aggressive reactions -Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings -Requires lots of supervision, resources & time -Behavioral Contrast Punisher ans: A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx that immediately precedes it Positive Punishment ans: AKA: Type I Punishment