Lenin - What is to be done?
Chapter Three: The Spontaneity of the Masses and the Consciousness of the Social-Democrats
The working class as vanguard fighter for democracy
● Broad political agitation and comprehensive political exposures are necessary to ensure
the working class has consciousness
○ Economic struggle merely brings home questions concerning the
economic attitude of the government towards the working class
■ this neglects the broader effects of capitalism
■ this is often only viewed as specific to an industry (e.g.
dockworkers only see their struggle, not that of miners or students)
■ this is reformist and hence bourgeois (or bourgeois and
hence reformist)
■ why does concentration on the trade union struggle lead
to the domination of the bourgeois ideology?
● because the bourgeois ideology is older
than the socialist ideology; because it is more developed and because it
possesses immeasurably more opportunities for being spread
● ‘the working class spontaneously
gravitates towards Socialism, but the more widespread (and continuously
revived in the most diverse forms) bourgeois ideology nevertheless
spontaneously imposes itself upon the working class still more’
● But even broad and comprehensive agitation and exposure ignores the general democratic
tasks of the Social Democrats
○ the struggle cannot be solely, or even primarily, from within i.e. from the
working class economic struggle outwards
■ socialism grew out of the ideas of the propertied
intellectual classes. Marx and Engels belonged to the bourgeois intelligentsia
○ the Social Democrats must go among all classes of the population
○ their ideal leader must react to ‘every manifestation of tyranny and
oppression, no matter where it takes place, no matter what stratum or class of the people
it affects’ and create a complete picture of capitalist exploitation
○ the Social Democrat must advance, accentuate and solve every
democratic, bourgeois or liberal problem
○ the duty of the vanguard is to guide the activities of the various
opposition strata
■ those with factional political interests must be shown
that the whole political system is worthless
● The Economists blame the strength of the workers for the state of the struggle, but in
reality it is the backwardness of the Social Democrats (specifically the Economists), who refuse
to engage with the ranks of liberals and intelligentsia
○ Every attack by the government, whether it be on workers or the (liberal)
Zemstvo, must be used as an excuse to agitate and to galvanise people into radical
opposition
Chapter Three: The Spontaneity of the Masses and the Consciousness of the Social-Democrats
The working class as vanguard fighter for democracy
● Broad political agitation and comprehensive political exposures are necessary to ensure
the working class has consciousness
○ Economic struggle merely brings home questions concerning the
economic attitude of the government towards the working class
■ this neglects the broader effects of capitalism
■ this is often only viewed as specific to an industry (e.g.
dockworkers only see their struggle, not that of miners or students)
■ this is reformist and hence bourgeois (or bourgeois and
hence reformist)
■ why does concentration on the trade union struggle lead
to the domination of the bourgeois ideology?
● because the bourgeois ideology is older
than the socialist ideology; because it is more developed and because it
possesses immeasurably more opportunities for being spread
● ‘the working class spontaneously
gravitates towards Socialism, but the more widespread (and continuously
revived in the most diverse forms) bourgeois ideology nevertheless
spontaneously imposes itself upon the working class still more’
● But even broad and comprehensive agitation and exposure ignores the general democratic
tasks of the Social Democrats
○ the struggle cannot be solely, or even primarily, from within i.e. from the
working class economic struggle outwards
■ socialism grew out of the ideas of the propertied
intellectual classes. Marx and Engels belonged to the bourgeois intelligentsia
○ the Social Democrats must go among all classes of the population
○ their ideal leader must react to ‘every manifestation of tyranny and
oppression, no matter where it takes place, no matter what stratum or class of the people
it affects’ and create a complete picture of capitalist exploitation
○ the Social Democrat must advance, accentuate and solve every
democratic, bourgeois or liberal problem
○ the duty of the vanguard is to guide the activities of the various
opposition strata
■ those with factional political interests must be shown
that the whole political system is worthless
● The Economists blame the strength of the workers for the state of the struggle, but in
reality it is the backwardness of the Social Democrats (specifically the Economists), who refuse
to engage with the ranks of liberals and intelligentsia
○ Every attack by the government, whether it be on workers or the (liberal)
Zemstvo, must be used as an excuse to agitate and to galvanise people into radical
opposition
