HLT- 362
Exercise 16
1. What do degrees of freedom (df) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the dfs in their study.
Why is it important to know the df for a t ratio? Using the df formula, calculate the df for this study.
2. What are the means and standard deviations (SDs) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control
groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two
groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a rationale for your answer.
3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?
4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test?
5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. What is the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces
Scale (WBFS) for the two groups? Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
8. What variable has a result of t = −6.135, p = 0.000? What does the result mean?
9. In your opinion, is it an expected or unexpected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be
statistically significant. Provide a rationale for your answer.
10. Describe one potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that
combined cold and vibration during IV insertion.
1. Degrees of freedom “typically refers to a positive whole number that indicates the lack of
restrictions in our calculations” (What Is a Degree of Freedom? n.d.). “The number of degrees
of freedom generally refers to the number of independent observations in a sample minus the
number of population parameters that must be estimated from sample data” (Statistics and
Probability Dictionary, n.d.). (88 + 86) -2= 172. Degrees of freedom are important because it
gives the number of values in a study that have the freedom to vary. This number also helps
verify the validity of the null hypothesis.
2. Buzzy mean 8.25 with SD 1.51 Control Mean 8.61 with SD 1.69. A t-test was conducted. Yes, it
was an appropriate analysis technique because it examines differences between the two groups
at a ratio level. The two groups would need to be similar for accuracy of the testing.
3. t -0.498 p 0.136 This means there is no significant differences between the two groups where
age is concerned because the p is greater than the level of significance set at x = 0.05.
4. The t-test for independent samples or groups includes the following assumptions:
o The raw scores in the population are normally distributed.
o The dependent variable(s) is(are) measured at the interval or ratio levels.
For assignment help email
, o The two groups examined for differences have equal variance, which is best achieved by
a random sample and random assignment to groups.
o All scores or observations collected within each group are independent or not related to
other study scores or observations (Grove & Cipher, 2017).
5. The groups are independent because the p is greater than 0.05 in all the variables. This means
that the results of the t tests are all nonsignificant.
6. The null hypothesis: There is no difference in self-reported pain levels measured with WBFS
between the Buzzy intervention and the control groups for school age children. The t = -6.498 for
Procedural self-reported pain with WBFS, p=0.000, which is less than x=0.05 set for this study.
Since the study result was significant, the null hypothesis was rejected.
7. Yes, a Bonferroni procedure should be completed because there were multiple t tests. More
than one t test increases the risk of a Type I error. Completing a Bonferroni procedure helps to
decrease that risk.
8. Parent reported procedural child anxiety. The results are significant because p=0.000 which is
less than x=0.05.
9. I believe the results are expected. A school age child having pain and anxiety during IV
cannulation seems to be an expected and normal finding. And that during distraction and
application of cold/vibration those numbers would be less. This means that the null hypothesis
for each is rejected (no difference between the groups where pain and anxiety are related to IV
cannulation). Knowing and having children and working as a nurse, children (adults as well) have
a fear/anxiety of IVs. It would only make sense that this study would show that Buzzy helps to
decrease it.
10. A clinical benefit is the decreased use of pharmacologic agents for IV insertion on pediatric
patients. From my nursing experience, when patients are anxious and fearful, their veins tend to
vasoconstrict making it extremely difficult to insert an IV. Decreasing fear and anxiety could also
lead to the clinical benefit of decreasing the risk of multiple attempts at IV insertion on pediatric
patients.
Degrees of freedom. (n.d.). Statistics and Probability Dictionary. Retrieved from
http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Degrees_of_freedom.
Grove, S. K., & Cipher, D. J. (2017). Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based
Practice, 2nd Edition. [Pageburstl]. Retrieved from
https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9780323358811/.
What is degree of freedom? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://statistics.about.com/od/Inferential-
Statistics/a/What-Is-A-Degree-Of-Freedom.htm.
For assignment help email
Exercise 16
1. What do degrees of freedom (df) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the dfs in their study.
Why is it important to know the df for a t ratio? Using the df formula, calculate the df for this study.
2. What are the means and standard deviations (SDs) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control
groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two
groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a rationale for your answer.
3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?
4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test?
5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. What is the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces
Scale (WBFS) for the two groups? Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
8. What variable has a result of t = −6.135, p = 0.000? What does the result mean?
9. In your opinion, is it an expected or unexpected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be
statistically significant. Provide a rationale for your answer.
10. Describe one potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that
combined cold and vibration during IV insertion.
1. Degrees of freedom “typically refers to a positive whole number that indicates the lack of
restrictions in our calculations” (What Is a Degree of Freedom? n.d.). “The number of degrees
of freedom generally refers to the number of independent observations in a sample minus the
number of population parameters that must be estimated from sample data” (Statistics and
Probability Dictionary, n.d.). (88 + 86) -2= 172. Degrees of freedom are important because it
gives the number of values in a study that have the freedom to vary. This number also helps
verify the validity of the null hypothesis.
2. Buzzy mean 8.25 with SD 1.51 Control Mean 8.61 with SD 1.69. A t-test was conducted. Yes, it
was an appropriate analysis technique because it examines differences between the two groups
at a ratio level. The two groups would need to be similar for accuracy of the testing.
3. t -0.498 p 0.136 This means there is no significant differences between the two groups where
age is concerned because the p is greater than the level of significance set at x = 0.05.
4. The t-test for independent samples or groups includes the following assumptions:
o The raw scores in the population are normally distributed.
o The dependent variable(s) is(are) measured at the interval or ratio levels.
For assignment help email
, o The two groups examined for differences have equal variance, which is best achieved by
a random sample and random assignment to groups.
o All scores or observations collected within each group are independent or not related to
other study scores or observations (Grove & Cipher, 2017).
5. The groups are independent because the p is greater than 0.05 in all the variables. This means
that the results of the t tests are all nonsignificant.
6. The null hypothesis: There is no difference in self-reported pain levels measured with WBFS
between the Buzzy intervention and the control groups for school age children. The t = -6.498 for
Procedural self-reported pain with WBFS, p=0.000, which is less than x=0.05 set for this study.
Since the study result was significant, the null hypothesis was rejected.
7. Yes, a Bonferroni procedure should be completed because there were multiple t tests. More
than one t test increases the risk of a Type I error. Completing a Bonferroni procedure helps to
decrease that risk.
8. Parent reported procedural child anxiety. The results are significant because p=0.000 which is
less than x=0.05.
9. I believe the results are expected. A school age child having pain and anxiety during IV
cannulation seems to be an expected and normal finding. And that during distraction and
application of cold/vibration those numbers would be less. This means that the null hypothesis
for each is rejected (no difference between the groups where pain and anxiety are related to IV
cannulation). Knowing and having children and working as a nurse, children (adults as well) have
a fear/anxiety of IVs. It would only make sense that this study would show that Buzzy helps to
decrease it.
10. A clinical benefit is the decreased use of pharmacologic agents for IV insertion on pediatric
patients. From my nursing experience, when patients are anxious and fearful, their veins tend to
vasoconstrict making it extremely difficult to insert an IV. Decreasing fear and anxiety could also
lead to the clinical benefit of decreasing the risk of multiple attempts at IV insertion on pediatric
patients.
Degrees of freedom. (n.d.). Statistics and Probability Dictionary. Retrieved from
http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Degrees_of_freedom.
Grove, S. K., & Cipher, D. J. (2017). Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based
Practice, 2nd Edition. [Pageburstl]. Retrieved from
https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9780323358811/.
What is degree of freedom? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://statistics.about.com/od/Inferential-
Statistics/a/What-Is-A-Degree-Of-Freedom.htm.
For assignment help email
