A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
Chapter1 TestA
MULTIPLECHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
nonargumentsandidentifyingconclusions.Selectthebestanswerforeach.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a
typicalwoman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity
consideredunpleasant.Today, with men workingless,thegap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument;conclusion:Today...thegapis90minutesandgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion:Fortyyearsago...anactivityconsideredunpleasant.
d. Argument;conclusion:Thereappearstobe...betweenmenandwomen.
e. Argument; conclusion:Womentodayareworkingmoreandrelaxingless.
ANS:D PTS:2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
othermetals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood
pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme
production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the
reactions thattransmitelectrical
impulsesinthebrain,whichdiminishestheabilitytothinkandrecallinformation.
AnneMarieHelmstine,"YourGuidetoChemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interfereswiththeproteins...andspermproduction.
b. Argument;conclusion: Leadistoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;conclusion:It preferentiallyreplacesothermetalsinbiochemicalreactions.
e. Argument;conclusion: Leadalsodisplacescalcium...recallinformation.
ANS:C PTS:2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes
ofemotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who
havethe capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right
rule"whateverthesituation.
DavidCooper,ValuePluralismandEthicalChoice
a. Argument;conclusion: Inall communities...capacitytojudgewisely.
b. Argument;conclusion: Aristotlefocusedonclarifyingtheconcept of virtueitself.
c. Argument; conclusion:Theyhavethe capacitytofollow...thesituation.
d. Argument;conclusion: Hearguedthatitwasvirtuous...werevices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:E PTS:2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income
taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount
thesemerchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of
1
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
theiremployers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that
illegalimmigrantscontribute nothingto the communitiesinwhichtheylive.
a. Argument; conclusion: It isnot correct tosay...communitiesinwhichtheylive.
2
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
b. Argument; conclusion:Theyworkfor lowsalaries...theseemployerspay.
c. Argument;conclusion:Illegal immigrantspay...SocialSecuritytax.
d. Argument; conclusion:Theyalso purchaseitems... payintaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:A PTS:2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
arrested,over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to
bearrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For
both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
same offenses thanblackwomen.
NancyKurshan,"WomenandImprisonmentintheU.S."
a. Argument;conclusion:African-Americanwomen...otherethnicgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion: Forbothmurderanddrugoffenses...blackwomen.
d. Argument;conclusion:Numerousstudieshaveindicated...over-sentenced.
e. Argument;conclusion: Blackwomenhavereceived...longer periodsinprison.
ANS:B PTS:2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are
criminalelements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected
PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in
committing identitytheft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these
zombie computers tovisit pay-per-clickads.
a. Argument;conclusion:Therearecriminal elements...todetectunprotectedPCs.
b. Argument;conclusion:Onceavulnerablecomputer...fencingstolenIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;conclusion:Theyalsodefraud...tovisit pay-per-clickads.
e. Argument;conclusion:It'sevenmoreimportant ...protectedbyafirewall.
ANS:E PTS:2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
throughthe atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the
state ofinterplanetaryspace.The earthisalsothe most important objectof comparisonfor planetologists.
HannuKarttunen,et al.,FundamentalAstronomy
a. Argument;conclusion:Thephenomena...stateof interplanetaryspace.
b. Argument;conclusion:Theearthisalso...forplanetologists.
c. Argument;conclusion:Theearthisofinteresttoastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;conclusion:Nearlyallobservations...throughtheatmosphere.
ANS:C PTS:2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional
medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat
and lifesustainingpreywillberestored,andtheimmanentextinctionoftigers inthe wildwillbe averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;conclusion:Thetradeintiger productsisbanned.
c. Argument;conclusion:Tiger poachingwillbehalted.
d. Argument;conclusion:Themakersoftraditionalmedicines...notneeded.
3
, A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
e. Argument;conclusion:Tigerpoachingwillbehalted...will beaverted.
ANS:A PTS:2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need
tounderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
feel,learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how
neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and
mentalprocessing.
RichardGriggs,Psychology: AConciseIntroduction
a. Argument;conclusion:Tounderstandour behavior ...theneuron.
b. Argument;conclusion:Humansarebiologicalorganisms.
c. Argument;conclusion:Howwefeel...neuronalactivity.
d. Argument;conclusion:Howaneuronworks...mentalprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:D PTS:2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of
anucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of
livingorganisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized
andstoredinacontainer on ashelffor years,buttheyretainthecapacityto invadecells andcause disease.
JacquelynC.Black,Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorations
a. Argument; conclusion:Theyarecomposedofa nucleicacidandafewproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion:Virusesareacellular entities...microscope.
d. Argument;conclusion:Indeed,somevirusescanbecrystallized...causedisease.
e. Argument;conclusion:Virusesreplicatethemselves...invadedlivingcells.
ANS:B PTS:2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global
warmingproblem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind
down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new
photovoltaiccells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into
electricity. Todaythecosts ofwindand solarpower are becomingcompetitivewith dirtycoal-firedplants.
SierraClub,"GlobalWarmingSolutions"
a. Argument;conclusion:Todaythecostsof wind...dirtycoal-firedplants.
b. Argument;conclusion:Technological advances...by82percent since1981.
c. Argument;conclusion: Harnessingtheclean...theglobal warmingproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;conclusion:Solarenergytechnology...directlyintoelectricity.
ANS:D PTS:2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not
commit.From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases
DNAevidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were
executed.For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been
available, howmaymore would have beenexonerated?
a. Argument;conclusion: Inmanyof thesecases...playedacrucial role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion: From1973...havebeenexonerated.
d. Argument;conclusion: Formanyof theseprisoners...wasavailable.
e. Argument; conclusion:Itislikelythatinnocentprisoners ...theydidnotcommit.
4
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
Chapter1 TestA
MULTIPLECHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
nonargumentsandidentifyingconclusions.Selectthebestanswerforeach.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a
typicalwoman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity
consideredunpleasant.Today, with men workingless,thegap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument;conclusion:Today...thegapis90minutesandgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion:Fortyyearsago...anactivityconsideredunpleasant.
d. Argument;conclusion:Thereappearstobe...betweenmenandwomen.
e. Argument; conclusion:Womentodayareworkingmoreandrelaxingless.
ANS:D PTS:2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
othermetals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood
pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme
production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the
reactions thattransmitelectrical
impulsesinthebrain,whichdiminishestheabilitytothinkandrecallinformation.
AnneMarieHelmstine,"YourGuidetoChemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interfereswiththeproteins...andspermproduction.
b. Argument;conclusion: Leadistoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;conclusion:It preferentiallyreplacesothermetalsinbiochemicalreactions.
e. Argument;conclusion: Leadalsodisplacescalcium...recallinformation.
ANS:C PTS:2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes
ofemotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who
havethe capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right
rule"whateverthesituation.
DavidCooper,ValuePluralismandEthicalChoice
a. Argument;conclusion: Inall communities...capacitytojudgewisely.
b. Argument;conclusion: Aristotlefocusedonclarifyingtheconcept of virtueitself.
c. Argument; conclusion:Theyhavethe capacitytofollow...thesituation.
d. Argument;conclusion: Hearguedthatitwasvirtuous...werevices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:E PTS:2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income
taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount
thesemerchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of
1
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
theiremployers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that
illegalimmigrantscontribute nothingto the communitiesinwhichtheylive.
a. Argument; conclusion: It isnot correct tosay...communitiesinwhichtheylive.
2
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
b. Argument; conclusion:Theyworkfor lowsalaries...theseemployerspay.
c. Argument;conclusion:Illegal immigrantspay...SocialSecuritytax.
d. Argument; conclusion:Theyalso purchaseitems... payintaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:A PTS:2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
arrested,over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to
bearrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For
both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
same offenses thanblackwomen.
NancyKurshan,"WomenandImprisonmentintheU.S."
a. Argument;conclusion:African-Americanwomen...otherethnicgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion: Forbothmurderanddrugoffenses...blackwomen.
d. Argument;conclusion:Numerousstudieshaveindicated...over-sentenced.
e. Argument;conclusion: Blackwomenhavereceived...longer periodsinprison.
ANS:B PTS:2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are
criminalelements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected
PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in
committing identitytheft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these
zombie computers tovisit pay-per-clickads.
a. Argument;conclusion:Therearecriminal elements...todetectunprotectedPCs.
b. Argument;conclusion:Onceavulnerablecomputer...fencingstolenIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;conclusion:Theyalsodefraud...tovisit pay-per-clickads.
e. Argument;conclusion:It'sevenmoreimportant ...protectedbyafirewall.
ANS:E PTS:2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
throughthe atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the
state ofinterplanetaryspace.The earthisalsothe most important objectof comparisonfor planetologists.
HannuKarttunen,et al.,FundamentalAstronomy
a. Argument;conclusion:Thephenomena...stateof interplanetaryspace.
b. Argument;conclusion:Theearthisalso...forplanetologists.
c. Argument;conclusion:Theearthisofinteresttoastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;conclusion:Nearlyallobservations...throughtheatmosphere.
ANS:C PTS:2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional
medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat
and lifesustainingpreywillberestored,andtheimmanentextinctionoftigers inthe wildwillbe averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;conclusion:Thetradeintiger productsisbanned.
c. Argument;conclusion:Tiger poachingwillbehalted.
d. Argument;conclusion:Themakersoftraditionalmedicines...notneeded.
3
, A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY
e. Argument;conclusion:Tigerpoachingwillbehalted...will beaverted.
ANS:A PTS:2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need
tounderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
feel,learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how
neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and
mentalprocessing.
RichardGriggs,Psychology: AConciseIntroduction
a. Argument;conclusion:Tounderstandour behavior ...theneuron.
b. Argument;conclusion:Humansarebiologicalorganisms.
c. Argument;conclusion:Howwefeel...neuronalactivity.
d. Argument;conclusion:Howaneuronworks...mentalprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:D PTS:2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of
anucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of
livingorganisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized
andstoredinacontainer on ashelffor years,buttheyretainthecapacityto invadecells andcause disease.
JacquelynC.Black,Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorations
a. Argument; conclusion:Theyarecomposedofa nucleicacidandafewproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion:Virusesareacellular entities...microscope.
d. Argument;conclusion:Indeed,somevirusescanbecrystallized...causedisease.
e. Argument;conclusion:Virusesreplicatethemselves...invadedlivingcells.
ANS:B PTS:2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global
warmingproblem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind
down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new
photovoltaiccells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into
electricity. Todaythecosts ofwindand solarpower are becomingcompetitivewith dirtycoal-firedplants.
SierraClub,"GlobalWarmingSolutions"
a. Argument;conclusion:Todaythecostsof wind...dirtycoal-firedplants.
b. Argument;conclusion:Technological advances...by82percent since1981.
c. Argument;conclusion: Harnessingtheclean...theglobal warmingproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;conclusion:Solarenergytechnology...directlyintoelectricity.
ANS:D PTS:2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not
commit.From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases
DNAevidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were
executed.For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been
available, howmaymore would have beenexonerated?
a. Argument;conclusion: Inmanyof thesecases...playedacrucial role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;conclusion: From1973...havebeenexonerated.
d. Argument;conclusion: Formanyof theseprisoners...wasavailable.
e. Argument; conclusion:Itislikelythatinnocentprisoners ...theydidnotcommit.
4
