Echo Board Review With Latest
Questions And Answers 2022
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences? - Mitral valve
Where does the LAD lie? - In the anterior interventricular groove (sulcus).
What service does the epicardial fat pad provide for the heart? - Protects the main
coronaries.
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the PLAX? - Right coronary cusp
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most likely to get
accurate velocity measurements?
A. LVOT
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Mitral regurgitation - C. Pulmonary artery
Which tricuspid leaflets are shown in the parasternal RVIF view? - Posterior and
anterior
Where is the LAA seen on TTE? - Sometimes PSAX AoV level
Usually better in Apical 2
What do the coronary arteries come off of? - Sinuses of Valsalva
During which phase do the coronaries fill? - Early diastole
What are the four aortic artery measurements? - 1. Aortic valve annulus
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Aortic sinotubular junction
4. Ascending aorta
Normal values: LVIDd - Men: 4.2-5.8cm
Women: 3.8-5.2cm
Normal values: LVIDs - Men: 2.4-4cm
Women: 2.2-3.5cm
,Normal values: IVSd & LVPWd - Men: 0.6-1cm
Women: 0.5-0.9cm
Normal values: LAs area - <=20cm^2
Normal values: LAs dimension - Men: 3-4cm
Women: 2.7-3.8cm
Normal values: LAs volume - 16-34mL
If a patient is younger (<40yo) with anomolous coronaries, what type of symptoms may
be seen? - 1. DOE
2. Exercise-induced angina
How much of a cardiac cycle is accounted for by diastole? - 2/3
What is another term for apical 2 chamber? - Vertical long axis (VLA)
What is another term for apical 4 chamber? - Horizontal long axis (HLA)
The best images of the ascending aorta are often obtained from which transducer
window? - Suprasternal
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valves? - Aortic coarctation
What are two ways of describing where aortic coarctations most often occur? - 1. After
the take-off of the left subclavian artery
2. Within the aortic isthmus
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 4 chamber? - Lower pulmonary veins.
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 5 chamber? - Upper pulmonary veins.
From the apical 4 chamber view, how do you rotate the transducer to obtain the Apical
LAX? - Counterclockwise 120 degrees
Where is the coronary sinus located? - Posterior AV groove.
To visualize the coronary sinus in the Apical 4 chamber view you should tilt the
transducer: - Posterior
Which valve sits at the opening of the coronary sinus? - Thebesian
What portion of the pulonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial systole? - a wave
At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe? - 40-45 C
, What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 0 degrees? - ME 4 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 90 degrees? - ME 2 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 120 degrees? - ME LAX (3CH)
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 60 degrees? - ME AV SAX
What is the absolute refractory state? - The period when muscle cells cannot become
excitable.
What does the P wave represent? - Atrial systole.
What does the PRI represent? - Atrial to ventricular depolarization.
What does the T wave represent? - Ventricular diastole (repolarization).
What is the normal duration for the QRS complex? - <0.12sec
What 4 things increase with an increased preload? - 1. Volume
2. Contractility
3. Myocardial fiber length
4. Tension
What is afterload? - 1. The load (volume) exerted on the ventricle at end diastole.
2. The resistance against which the ventricle must pump.
What type of chamber changes are found with chronic increased preload? - Dilation
What type of chamber changes are found with chronic increased afterload? -
Hypertrophy
How does acute AI affect the contractility of the LV? - LV becomes hypercontractile.
Equation: Stroke volume - EDV-ESV
Equation: Ejection fraction - (SV/EDV) x 100
Normal value: Stroke volume - 70-110mL
Normal value: Ejection fraction - >55%
Equation: Cardiac output (angiographic) - SV x HR
Normal value: Cardiac output - 4-8L/min
Questions And Answers 2022
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences? - Mitral valve
Where does the LAD lie? - In the anterior interventricular groove (sulcus).
What service does the epicardial fat pad provide for the heart? - Protects the main
coronaries.
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the PLAX? - Right coronary cusp
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most likely to get
accurate velocity measurements?
A. LVOT
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Mitral regurgitation - C. Pulmonary artery
Which tricuspid leaflets are shown in the parasternal RVIF view? - Posterior and
anterior
Where is the LAA seen on TTE? - Sometimes PSAX AoV level
Usually better in Apical 2
What do the coronary arteries come off of? - Sinuses of Valsalva
During which phase do the coronaries fill? - Early diastole
What are the four aortic artery measurements? - 1. Aortic valve annulus
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Aortic sinotubular junction
4. Ascending aorta
Normal values: LVIDd - Men: 4.2-5.8cm
Women: 3.8-5.2cm
Normal values: LVIDs - Men: 2.4-4cm
Women: 2.2-3.5cm
,Normal values: IVSd & LVPWd - Men: 0.6-1cm
Women: 0.5-0.9cm
Normal values: LAs area - <=20cm^2
Normal values: LAs dimension - Men: 3-4cm
Women: 2.7-3.8cm
Normal values: LAs volume - 16-34mL
If a patient is younger (<40yo) with anomolous coronaries, what type of symptoms may
be seen? - 1. DOE
2. Exercise-induced angina
How much of a cardiac cycle is accounted for by diastole? - 2/3
What is another term for apical 2 chamber? - Vertical long axis (VLA)
What is another term for apical 4 chamber? - Horizontal long axis (HLA)
The best images of the ascending aorta are often obtained from which transducer
window? - Suprasternal
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valves? - Aortic coarctation
What are two ways of describing where aortic coarctations most often occur? - 1. After
the take-off of the left subclavian artery
2. Within the aortic isthmus
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 4 chamber? - Lower pulmonary veins.
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 5 chamber? - Upper pulmonary veins.
From the apical 4 chamber view, how do you rotate the transducer to obtain the Apical
LAX? - Counterclockwise 120 degrees
Where is the coronary sinus located? - Posterior AV groove.
To visualize the coronary sinus in the Apical 4 chamber view you should tilt the
transducer: - Posterior
Which valve sits at the opening of the coronary sinus? - Thebesian
What portion of the pulonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial systole? - a wave
At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe? - 40-45 C
, What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 0 degrees? - ME 4 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 90 degrees? - ME 2 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 120 degrees? - ME LAX (3CH)
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 60 degrees? - ME AV SAX
What is the absolute refractory state? - The period when muscle cells cannot become
excitable.
What does the P wave represent? - Atrial systole.
What does the PRI represent? - Atrial to ventricular depolarization.
What does the T wave represent? - Ventricular diastole (repolarization).
What is the normal duration for the QRS complex? - <0.12sec
What 4 things increase with an increased preload? - 1. Volume
2. Contractility
3. Myocardial fiber length
4. Tension
What is afterload? - 1. The load (volume) exerted on the ventricle at end diastole.
2. The resistance against which the ventricle must pump.
What type of chamber changes are found with chronic increased preload? - Dilation
What type of chamber changes are found with chronic increased afterload? -
Hypertrophy
How does acute AI affect the contractility of the LV? - LV becomes hypercontractile.
Equation: Stroke volume - EDV-ESV
Equation: Ejection fraction - (SV/EDV) x 100
Normal value: Stroke volume - 70-110mL
Normal value: Ejection fraction - >55%
Equation: Cardiac output (angiographic) - SV x HR
Normal value: Cardiac output - 4-8L/min
