Anatomy and Physiology Questions With Answers 2022

Anatomy and Physiology Questions With Answers
2022
Anatomy - Answer - the study of the structure of the body

Physiology - Answer - the study of the function of the body

Chemical level - Answer - represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells
(Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)

Cellular level - Answer - represents the basic unit of all living things

Tissue level - Answer - a group of cells with similar or common function

Organ level - Answer - a group of tissues with similar or common function

Organ system level - Answer - a group of organs with similar or common function

Organismic level - Answer - the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.

Integumentary System - Answer - controls body temperature & protects body from
environmental hazards

Skeletal System - Answer - supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals,
forms blood cells

Muscular System - Answer - movement, support and produces heat

Nervous System - Answer - controls immediate responses to stimuli

Endocrine System - Answer - controls long-term responses in body

Cardiovascular System - Answer - internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and cells

Lymphatic & Immune Systems - Answer - defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system

Respiratory System - Answer - exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from
tissues

Digestive System - Answer - ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination
of indigestible wastes

,Urinary System - Answer - filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance
and to eliminate waste products

Reproductive System - Answer - produces sex cells and hormones related to
reproduction

homeostasis - Answer - condition in which body's internal environment remains within
certain narrow physiological limits

homeostatic regulation - Answer - adjustment of physiological system to maintain
homeostasis

receptor - Answer - monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input
to control center

control (integration) center - Answer - receives input from receptor & determines
appropriate response

effector - Answer - cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center
and produces a response (effect)

interactions of a feedback system - Answer - stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent
pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response

positive feedback - Answer - the response by the effector to the initial change is to
further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the
uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which

places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes
uterine contraction, etc. - Answer - ...

Negative feedback - Answer - the response by the effector to the initial change is to
counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state.
Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes

insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose
from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - Answer - ...

Anatomical position - Answer - patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly
Cephalic = head

Cranial - Answer - upper portion of head surrounding brain

Facial - Answer - face

cervical - Answer - neck

,thoracic - Answer - chest

axillary - Answer - armpit

acromial - Answer - point of shoulder

deltoid - Answer - fleshy portion of shoulder

brachial - Answer - upper arm

antebrachial - Answer - forearm

antecubital - Answer - front of elbow

carpal - Answer - wrist

manual - Answer - hand

digital (phalangeal) - Answer - fingers or toes

abdominal - Answer - region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis

dorsal - Answer - back

lumbar - Answer - lower back

olecranol - Answer - back of elbow

pelvic - Answer - pelvis

pubic - Answer - anterior pelvis

inguinal - Answer - junction of trunk and thighs (groin)

gluteal - Answer - buttocks

femoral - Answer - thigh

patellar - Answer - front of knee

popliteal - Answer - back of knee

crural - Answer - anterior of lower leg (shin)

sural - Answer - posterior of lower leg (calf)

, tarsal - Answer - ankle

pedal - Answer - foot

plantar - Answer - bottom of foot

superior ( - Answer - cephalic = cranial) = towards the head

inferior ( - Answer - caudal) = away from the head

anterior (ventral) - Answer - towards the front

posterior (dorsal) - Answer - towards the back

medial - Answer - towards the midline

lateral - Answer - away from the midline

proximal - Answer - towards the point of attachment (limbs)

distal - Answer - away from the point of attachment (limbs)

superficial - Answer - towards the surface (i.e., skin)

deep - Answer - away from the surface

Sagittal - Answer - separates the body into right and left parts

Midsaggital - Answer - median = separates the body into equal right and left parts

Parasaggital - Answer - separates the body into unequal right and left parts

Frontal - Answer - coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse - Answer - horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and
inferior parts

. - Answer - ...

dorsal body - Answer - The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity
and the ventral body cavity.

ventral body - Answer - The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by serous
membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes in he
dorsal body cavity.