SOCIAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE FINAL

SOCIAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE FINAL LESSON 6 1. Regarding the course of ADHD, it is best described as what? a. An intellectual disorder b. A chronic neurological condition c. An acute stress reaction d. A brain disease Answer: B. A chronic neuro condition; Lifelong, neurological condition. 2. Which subtype of ADHD includes children who demonstrate sluggish cognitive tempo and may be distinct from more common forms of the disorder? a. ADHD, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-PI) b. ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) c. ADHD, combined type (ADHD-C) d. ADHD, not otherwise specified (ADHD-NOS) Answer: A. ADHD-PI; Somewhat distinct from other types in that children with this diagnosis are more likely to exhibit sluggish cognitive tempo. 3. Changes in diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV to DSM-V are likely to have what consequence? a. Decreasing medication prescriptions for ADHD b. Decreasing rates of ADHD diagnosis c. Increasing rates of ADHD diagnosis d. Developing a new diagnostic category for people who exhibit ADHD symptoms in adulthood. Answer: C. Increasing rates of ADHD diagnosis; DSM-V criteria increase age limits and require fewer ADHD symptoms for teens and adults, effectively loosening the diagnostic category to include more people, which will likely lead to increasing rates of ADHD diagnosis. 4. What is true of the role of nature (i.e., inborn biological and genetic factors) versus nurture (i.e., environmental factors) in causing ADHD? a. Nature plays a greater role b. Nurture plays a greater role c. Nature and nurture play a relatively equal role Answer: A. Nature; Heritability estimates for ADHD are routinely greater than 70% across studies, indicating that nature plays a greater role than environmental factors. 5. What is not a specific deficit related to the attention problems demonstrated by children with ADHD? a. Freedom from distractibility b. Sustained attention c. Selective attention d. Attentional capacity Your text here 1 SOCIAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE FINAL Answer: D. Attentional capacity; Children with ADHD typically exhibit deficits in freedom from distractability, sustained attention, and selective attention, but not attentional capacity. 6. Stimulant medications used for children with ADHD have shown to have the greatest effect on what symptoms? a. Hyperactivity b. Learning disabilities c. Inattention d. Oppositional behavior Answer: C. Inattention; Stimulant medications have specific effects in improving focus, or reducing inattention. 7. ADHD co-occurs with several other disorders, including conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, and tic disorders. Why might one suspect that ADHD plays somewhat a causal role in the development of other disorders? a. ADHD symptoms often overlap with symptoms of other disorders. b. ADHD medications have side effects of increased conduct problems and depression symptoms. c. ADHD symptoms typically precede other symptoms in development. d. ADHD is more common than other disorders. Answer: C. ADHD symptoms typically precede other symptoms in development. 8. Use of behaviorally based parent training methods is most appropriate for whom? a. Unmedicated children with ADHD b. Teenagers with ADHD c. Children with learning disorders as well as ADHD d. Young children with ADHD and behavioral problems Answer: D. Young children with ADHD & behavioral problems; This is when they have their greatest effects. 9. What is true of ADHD symptoms among girls? a. They often include fewer symptoms of hyperactivity & impulsivity. b. They are less frequently recognized and diagnosed as ADHD. c. They are less likely to include aggression and acting out. d. All the above. Answer: D. All the above; ADHD in girls often looks different and includes fewer symptoms, so ADHD in girls is often overlooked. 10. What was a key result of the Multimodal Treatment of Children with ADHD Study (also known as the MTA study)? a. Medications had a substantial effect on conduct problems linked with ADHD. b. The effects of both medications and behavioral treatment are no longer evident several years after treatment stops for most children. SOCIAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE FINAL c. Short-term combined medication and behavioral treatment can effectively cure ADHD. d. Routine community treatment was more effective in addressing ADHD symptoms than behavioral treatments in the study. Answer: B. The effects are no longer evident several years after treatment stops for most; Unless ongoing support and intervention are provided, the effects of treatment dissipate over time. TERMS TO KNOW FROM LESSON 6 Inattention: Inability to maintain focus on a topic or task includes: making careless mistakes, failing to follow directions, losing focus quickly, disorganization, and being easily distracted. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: The category that most people associate with ADHD, including fidgeting, getting out of one’s seat, being too loud/talking too much, climbing on things, failing to inhibit behavior that may be risky or inappropriate (most common in structured settings such as school). ADHD, combined type (ADHD-C): Most common form; Children with ADHD-C meet criteria for both the inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive domains. ADHD, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-PI): Indicated when children meet criteria only within the inattentive domain. ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI): Indicated when children meet criteria only within the hyperactive-impulsive symptom domain. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Pattern of daydreaming, confusion, low alertness, and physical hypoactivity. Frontostriatal Circuitry: This circuit includes the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, which are the interior structures beneath the temporal lobe. Also, responsible for executive functions. Executive Functions: Include the ability to plan, organize responses, maintain attention, and inhibit or delay responses. Selective Attention: Refers to being able to focus on a specific task. Sustained Attention: Ability to maintain focus on a task over time. Freedom from distractability: Ability to ignore information that is irrelevant to the task. Attentional Capacity: How much information they can hold in their short-term memory stores. Delay of gratification: Ability to delay satisfaction of a want or need temporarily in exchange for a larger payoff later (Most young children have a limited ability to delay gratification; however, children with ADHD struggle with this ability to a greater degree). SOCIAL DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE FINAL Stimulant medications: (i.e. methylphenidate or amphetamine salts, which have trade names like Ritalin and Adderall) Both relatively safe and effective in targeting the attention component of ADHD for most children. These medications target dopamine receptors and in effect increase activity in the frontostriatal circuitry of the brain. LESSON 7 1. Tony is an 8-year old boy with a history of arguing, irritable mood, and negative behavior since at least age 6. His parents report that he often spiteful and refuses to do things they ask, even though they are reasonable requests for a child his age. He also argues with teachers and struggles to get along with other kids. Based on this description, what would be the most appropriate diagnosis for Tony? a. Conduct disorder b. Antisocial personality disorder c. Adjustment disorder d. Oppositional defiant disorder Answer: D. Oppositional defiant disorder 2. Based on the discussion in your book, why are conduct problems more common among boys than girls? a. Girls simply do not engage in aggression of any form b. Girls engage in more indirect aggression not included in diagnostic criteria c. Conduct problems for girls are more typical in the late teens and early 20s d. Girls mature more slowly than bo