WGU 785 FINAL EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS(2022)
Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome for their kids? -
ANSWERHis daughters would be carriers. This is x-link recessive.
Autosomal:
Dominant: - ANSWERAutosomal: males and females equally affected.
Dominant: non-carrier parents
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - ANSWERThe process of copying DNA in the lab. Uses Template DNA,
Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA primers.
3 Steps of PCR - ANSWER1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.
2. Annealing: reaction is cooled to 50C; primers stick to the DNA you want to copy and add DNA
polymerase.
3. Elongation: reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase, adding nucleotides building a new DNA
strand.
Base Excision Repair (BER) - ANSWERHow you repair a mutation. BER is used to repair damage to a base
caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base that is damaged and replace it. *BER removes a
single nucleotide*
DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.
DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.
,Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - ANSWERreplication. DNA polymerase proofreads but
sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a large section of the nucleotides from the new
DNA and DNA polymerase tries again. (Ex: C-T instead of C-A)
Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - ANSWERWhen a base is mismatched due to
errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA polymerase comes by and fixes it.
What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - ANSWERTRANSCRIPTION! DNA
polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a
correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.
What is needed for DNA replication? - ANSWERDNA polymerase
Nonsense Mutation - ANSWERChange in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon Stop= nonsense because it
is no more.
Silent Mutation - ANSWERChange in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino acid. Silent= the change
doesn't change the name of the protein
Missense Mutation - ANSWERChange in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for a different amino acid.
Missense = mistake was made.
What happends during RNA splicing? - ANSWERDuring RNA splicing introns are cut out, the remaining
exons are joined together.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
Find the DNA template strand. - ANSWER3'TAC TCA GAG AGA 5'
The DNA template strand is complimentary. So start with the opposite number, then go L-R with the
complimentary letter.
, 5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
What is the corresonding mRNA sequence? - ANSWER5'AUG AGU CUC UCU 3'
This sequence is the same as the coding strand except T changes to U because it is RNA. RNA doesn't
have T.
How would a mutation from CTC to ATC affect the protein sequence? (CTC/ATC - coding strand, AUC -
mRNA strand) - ANSWERThis will make a missense mutation because it changes the name of the protein.
(look at the chart provided.) missense = mistake
DNA replication process - ANSWERDNA ->Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Polypeptide
Describe how you would find what ionized Alanine looks like. - ANSWERThis is an amino acid. Look for
the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that has CH3. It is a weak interaction. An ionized acid
will have a + or - charge.
Describe what causes the misfolding of protein in Alzheimer's Disease. - ANSWERProtein misfolding is
caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein
aggregation.
TAU is fibrous material inside cells where the connections are lost. This becomes defective and forms
filaments in the neuron.
Amyloid-Beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta creates senile plaques. This
starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Describe the process of neurodegenerative protein aggregation. - ANSWERAlzheimer's is the most
common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another
characterisitc of Alzheimer's. However, neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before
amyloid fibers accumulate in the brain.
What are the molecules that help denatured proteins with folding? - ANSWERMolecular chaperones are
protein helpers. They bind to the newly made polypeptide and enable proper folding. Proper protein
CORRECT ANSWERS(2022)
Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome for their kids? -
ANSWERHis daughters would be carriers. This is x-link recessive.
Autosomal:
Dominant: - ANSWERAutosomal: males and females equally affected.
Dominant: non-carrier parents
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - ANSWERThe process of copying DNA in the lab. Uses Template DNA,
Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA primers.
3 Steps of PCR - ANSWER1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.
2. Annealing: reaction is cooled to 50C; primers stick to the DNA you want to copy and add DNA
polymerase.
3. Elongation: reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase, adding nucleotides building a new DNA
strand.
Base Excision Repair (BER) - ANSWERHow you repair a mutation. BER is used to repair damage to a base
caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base that is damaged and replace it. *BER removes a
single nucleotide*
DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.
DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.
,Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - ANSWERreplication. DNA polymerase proofreads but
sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a large section of the nucleotides from the new
DNA and DNA polymerase tries again. (Ex: C-T instead of C-A)
Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - ANSWERWhen a base is mismatched due to
errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA polymerase comes by and fixes it.
What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - ANSWERTRANSCRIPTION! DNA
polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a
correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.
What is needed for DNA replication? - ANSWERDNA polymerase
Nonsense Mutation - ANSWERChange in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon Stop= nonsense because it
is no more.
Silent Mutation - ANSWERChange in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino acid. Silent= the change
doesn't change the name of the protein
Missense Mutation - ANSWERChange in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for a different amino acid.
Missense = mistake was made.
What happends during RNA splicing? - ANSWERDuring RNA splicing introns are cut out, the remaining
exons are joined together.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
Find the DNA template strand. - ANSWER3'TAC TCA GAG AGA 5'
The DNA template strand is complimentary. So start with the opposite number, then go L-R with the
complimentary letter.
, 5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
What is the corresonding mRNA sequence? - ANSWER5'AUG AGU CUC UCU 3'
This sequence is the same as the coding strand except T changes to U because it is RNA. RNA doesn't
have T.
How would a mutation from CTC to ATC affect the protein sequence? (CTC/ATC - coding strand, AUC -
mRNA strand) - ANSWERThis will make a missense mutation because it changes the name of the protein.
(look at the chart provided.) missense = mistake
DNA replication process - ANSWERDNA ->Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Polypeptide
Describe how you would find what ionized Alanine looks like. - ANSWERThis is an amino acid. Look for
the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that has CH3. It is a weak interaction. An ionized acid
will have a + or - charge.
Describe what causes the misfolding of protein in Alzheimer's Disease. - ANSWERProtein misfolding is
caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein
aggregation.
TAU is fibrous material inside cells where the connections are lost. This becomes defective and forms
filaments in the neuron.
Amyloid-Beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta creates senile plaques. This
starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Describe the process of neurodegenerative protein aggregation. - ANSWERAlzheimer's is the most
common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another
characterisitc of Alzheimer's. However, neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before
amyloid fibers accumulate in the brain.
What are the molecules that help denatured proteins with folding? - ANSWERMolecular chaperones are
protein helpers. They bind to the newly made polypeptide and enable proper folding. Proper protein
