The Best Paramedic National Registry
Review (FOR AUDIO USE)
Control center of the cell is the Correct Answer: nucleus.
chromosomes are made up of what and found where? Correct Answer:
chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, found in the nucleus.
ribosomes are known for what and found where? Correct Answer: in the rough e.r.
and are where protein synthesis takes place using RNA.
what is mRNA? Correct Answer: A single strand copy of DNA that leaves the
nucleus and is sent to the ribosomes.
What is mitosis? Correct Answer: mitosis is where chromosomes split to become
pairs and create an identical cell in cell division.
what is meiosis? Correct Answer: a type of sexual cell division that results in four
daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
what is osmosis? Correct Answer: movement of solvent from great concentration
to low concentration.
what is the difference between hypo and hyper tonic solutions? Correct Answer:
hypotonic solutions have low salt, so it forces water into cells and cause them to
swell. hypertonic have high salt so it causes them to shrivel.
D50 is what kind of solution? Correct Answer: hypertonic.
what are adipoecytes? Correct Answer: cells that store fat
What are endocrine glands? Correct Answer: ductless glands that secrete
hormones into capillaries. examples of endocrine glands are: pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal.
what are exocrine glands? Correct Answer: glands with ducts that secret fluids
away from site of function. (ex: sweat, saliva, etc.)
,what is keratin? Correct Answer: a "waterproof" protein used in the integumentary
system.
What is the stratum corneum? Correct Answer: outermost layer of epidermis
what is the stratum granulosum? Correct Answer: The the stratum granulosum,
also called the Granular layer, is very thin, Just below the outer most layer of skin.
This is where keratin and lamellated granuoles accumulate.
what are sebaceous glands? Correct Answer: Sebaceous glands are glands that
open into hair follicles, or directly onto surface.
What are ceruminous glands? Correct Answer: Modified sweat glands found only
in auditory canal.
What are apocrine glands? Correct Answer: Mainly in the armpits and the groin
area. Contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. The cell debris attracts
bacteria.
what organ in the GI tract contains both exocrine and endocrine glands? Correct
Answer: the pancreas
What are the islets of Langerhans? Correct Answer: cells in the pancreas that
produce insulin. Islets of Langerhans are beta cells.
what are alpha cells in the pancreas? Correct Answer: produce glucagon to
stimulate liver to make glucose. Just think, alpha cells do the work. Alpha cells
stimulate the liver.
what are beta cells in the pancreas? Correct Answer: produce insulin that
transports glucose from blood straight into the cells by increasing permeability.
what does P.T.H. stand for and what does it do? Correct Answer: parathyroid
hormone, important for the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in blood.
where is parathyroid hormone created? Correct Answer: parathyroid gland
,how does PTH increase Calcium absorption while lowering phosphate in blood?
Correct Answer: PTH stimulates activation of vitamin D in the kidneys to
reabsorb Calcium and excrete phosphate.
What does calcitonin do and where is it produced? Correct Answer: Calcitonin is
produced in the thyroid gland. It decreases blood calcium levels by stimulated
calcium absorption in bones.
What does the adrenal medulla secrete? Correct Answer: catecholamines and sym-
path-o-mimetics, A.K.A. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
what originally stimulates the adrenal medulla in the adrenal glands? Correct
Answer: the hypothalamus stimulates the adrenal gland.
what part of the brain controls metabolism and blood temperature? Correct
Answer: Hypothalamus
how much of cellular respiration is energy and how much is heat? Correct Answer:
throughout the whole process of cellular respiration, only 40% is usable energy,
while 60% is heat.
how much of the body's heat is produced by the liver and skeletal muscle? Correct
Answer: 20%
what is the normal body temperature range? Correct Answer: 96.5 - 99.5
Fahrenheit.
(36 to 38 Celsius)
what is the process of conduction? Correct Answer: heat is transferred from hot
object to cool object through direct touching.
what is the process of radiation? Correct Answer: heat is directly transferred from
one object to another without touching and without heating an environment.
what is positive feedback loop? Correct Answer: The uncommon feedback loop
that is also involved in normal function. Stimulated when a strange change is
detected, such as a fever, contractions during labor, or blood clotting. a positive
feedback is not stopped until the change stimulus is externally broken or resolved.
, what is a negative feedback loop? Correct Answer: Negative feedback loop, is
system that contains its own brake or control system, such as shivering or sweating
dependent on external temperatures.
What is the alimentary canal? Correct Answer: the whole digestive track in which
food passes through the body from mouth to anus. includes: esophagus, stomach,
and intestines.
what are the accessory organs? Correct Answer: accessory organs are organs not
in the alimentary canal. these are: liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
where is the duodenum? Correct Answer: first part of the small intestine that sucks
in bile from the gallbladder to break down fats. just think: both the small intestine
and the gallbladder are a "duo" wearing denum.
how long do red blood cells live for? Correct Answer: 120 days
Which cells do not have a nucleus? Correct Answer: red blood cells do not have a
nucleus.
Where are red blood cells produced? Correct Answer: bone marrow
which blood type is the universal donor carrying ZERO foreign antigens? Correct
Answer: Oh-positive.
which blood type is the universal receiver carrying both A and B antigens? Correct
Answer: A.B.
what is stroke volume? Correct Answer: the amount of blood ejected in one
contraction.
what is cardiac output? Correct Answer: cardiac output is, heart rate, times stroke
volume.
Starling's Law says what? Correct Answer: the bigger the preload, the bigger the
ventricle stretch.
coronary arteries feed the heart with blood during when? Correct Answer:
coronary arteries feed the heart during diastolly, when A.V. valves open.
Review (FOR AUDIO USE)
Control center of the cell is the Correct Answer: nucleus.
chromosomes are made up of what and found where? Correct Answer:
chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, found in the nucleus.
ribosomes are known for what and found where? Correct Answer: in the rough e.r.
and are where protein synthesis takes place using RNA.
what is mRNA? Correct Answer: A single strand copy of DNA that leaves the
nucleus and is sent to the ribosomes.
What is mitosis? Correct Answer: mitosis is where chromosomes split to become
pairs and create an identical cell in cell division.
what is meiosis? Correct Answer: a type of sexual cell division that results in four
daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
what is osmosis? Correct Answer: movement of solvent from great concentration
to low concentration.
what is the difference between hypo and hyper tonic solutions? Correct Answer:
hypotonic solutions have low salt, so it forces water into cells and cause them to
swell. hypertonic have high salt so it causes them to shrivel.
D50 is what kind of solution? Correct Answer: hypertonic.
what are adipoecytes? Correct Answer: cells that store fat
What are endocrine glands? Correct Answer: ductless glands that secrete
hormones into capillaries. examples of endocrine glands are: pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal.
what are exocrine glands? Correct Answer: glands with ducts that secret fluids
away from site of function. (ex: sweat, saliva, etc.)
,what is keratin? Correct Answer: a "waterproof" protein used in the integumentary
system.
What is the stratum corneum? Correct Answer: outermost layer of epidermis
what is the stratum granulosum? Correct Answer: The the stratum granulosum,
also called the Granular layer, is very thin, Just below the outer most layer of skin.
This is where keratin and lamellated granuoles accumulate.
what are sebaceous glands? Correct Answer: Sebaceous glands are glands that
open into hair follicles, or directly onto surface.
What are ceruminous glands? Correct Answer: Modified sweat glands found only
in auditory canal.
What are apocrine glands? Correct Answer: Mainly in the armpits and the groin
area. Contains bit of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. The cell debris attracts
bacteria.
what organ in the GI tract contains both exocrine and endocrine glands? Correct
Answer: the pancreas
What are the islets of Langerhans? Correct Answer: cells in the pancreas that
produce insulin. Islets of Langerhans are beta cells.
what are alpha cells in the pancreas? Correct Answer: produce glucagon to
stimulate liver to make glucose. Just think, alpha cells do the work. Alpha cells
stimulate the liver.
what are beta cells in the pancreas? Correct Answer: produce insulin that
transports glucose from blood straight into the cells by increasing permeability.
what does P.T.H. stand for and what does it do? Correct Answer: parathyroid
hormone, important for the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in blood.
where is parathyroid hormone created? Correct Answer: parathyroid gland
,how does PTH increase Calcium absorption while lowering phosphate in blood?
Correct Answer: PTH stimulates activation of vitamin D in the kidneys to
reabsorb Calcium and excrete phosphate.
What does calcitonin do and where is it produced? Correct Answer: Calcitonin is
produced in the thyroid gland. It decreases blood calcium levels by stimulated
calcium absorption in bones.
What does the adrenal medulla secrete? Correct Answer: catecholamines and sym-
path-o-mimetics, A.K.A. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
what originally stimulates the adrenal medulla in the adrenal glands? Correct
Answer: the hypothalamus stimulates the adrenal gland.
what part of the brain controls metabolism and blood temperature? Correct
Answer: Hypothalamus
how much of cellular respiration is energy and how much is heat? Correct Answer:
throughout the whole process of cellular respiration, only 40% is usable energy,
while 60% is heat.
how much of the body's heat is produced by the liver and skeletal muscle? Correct
Answer: 20%
what is the normal body temperature range? Correct Answer: 96.5 - 99.5
Fahrenheit.
(36 to 38 Celsius)
what is the process of conduction? Correct Answer: heat is transferred from hot
object to cool object through direct touching.
what is the process of radiation? Correct Answer: heat is directly transferred from
one object to another without touching and without heating an environment.
what is positive feedback loop? Correct Answer: The uncommon feedback loop
that is also involved in normal function. Stimulated when a strange change is
detected, such as a fever, contractions during labor, or blood clotting. a positive
feedback is not stopped until the change stimulus is externally broken or resolved.
, what is a negative feedback loop? Correct Answer: Negative feedback loop, is
system that contains its own brake or control system, such as shivering or sweating
dependent on external temperatures.
What is the alimentary canal? Correct Answer: the whole digestive track in which
food passes through the body from mouth to anus. includes: esophagus, stomach,
and intestines.
what are the accessory organs? Correct Answer: accessory organs are organs not
in the alimentary canal. these are: liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
where is the duodenum? Correct Answer: first part of the small intestine that sucks
in bile from the gallbladder to break down fats. just think: both the small intestine
and the gallbladder are a "duo" wearing denum.
how long do red blood cells live for? Correct Answer: 120 days
Which cells do not have a nucleus? Correct Answer: red blood cells do not have a
nucleus.
Where are red blood cells produced? Correct Answer: bone marrow
which blood type is the universal donor carrying ZERO foreign antigens? Correct
Answer: Oh-positive.
which blood type is the universal receiver carrying both A and B antigens? Correct
Answer: A.B.
what is stroke volume? Correct Answer: the amount of blood ejected in one
contraction.
what is cardiac output? Correct Answer: cardiac output is, heart rate, times stroke
volume.
Starling's Law says what? Correct Answer: the bigger the preload, the bigger the
ventricle stretch.
coronary arteries feed the heart with blood during when? Correct Answer:
coronary arteries feed the heart during diastolly, when A.V. valves open.
