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Astrophysical Flows Undergraduate/Graduate Notes (304 pages)

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Lecture notes of 304 pages for the course Astrophysical_Flows at Astrophysical_Flows (Astrophysical Flows)

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Course

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,These lecture notes describe the material covered during the Spring 2020
semester of the course Astrophysical Flows at Yale University




One goes deep into the flow
Becomes busy flowing to it
Lost in the flow
What happens
Is that the one forgets
What he is flowing for
from ”The River Flows” by Sachin Subedi




2

, CONTENTS


1: Introduction to Fluids and Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2: Dynamical Treatments of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3: Hydrodynamic Equations for Ideal Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4: Viscosity, Conductivity & The Stress Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5: Hydrodynamic Equations for Non-Ideal Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6: Kinetic Theory I: from Liouville to Boltzmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7: Kinetic Theory II: from Boltzmann to Navier-Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8: Vorticity & Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9: Hydrostatics and Steady Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
10: Viscous Flow and Accretion Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
11: Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
12: Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
13: Shocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
14: Fluid Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
15: Collisionless Dynamics: CBE & Jeans equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
16: Collisions & Encounters of Collisionless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
17: Solving PDEs with Finite Di↵erence Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
18: Consistency, Stability, and Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
19: Reconstruction and Slope Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
20: Burgers’ Equation & Method of Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
21: The Riemann Problem & Godunov Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
22: Plasma Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
23: Plasma Orbit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
24: Plasma Kinetic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
25: Vlasov Equation & Two-Fluid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
26: Magnetohydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244




3

, APPENDICES




Appendix A: Vector Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Appendix B: Conservative Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Appendix C: Integral Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Appendix D: Curvi-Linear Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Appendix E: Di↵erential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
Appendix F: The Levi-Civita Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Appendix G: The Viscous Stress Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Appendix H: Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Appendix I: Poisson Brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Appendix J: The BBGKY Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Appendix K: Derivation of the Energy equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Appendix L: The Chemical Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302




4

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